The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Origins of domain specificity: The evolution of functional organization
Abstract
By establishing that domain-specific machinery is necessary to explain human cognitive performance, psychologists who advocate modular or domain-specific approaches have found themselves in an unanticipated situation. Metaphorically speaking, it is as if they had laboriously built a road up one side of a nearly impassable mountain range into unexplored terrain, only to find themselves met at the top by a foreign road construction crew – evolutionary functionalist researchers – who had been building a road upward to the same destination from the far side of the mountains. Quite unexpectedly, cognitive psychologists find their field intimately connected to a whole new intellectual landscape that had previously seemed remote, unfamiliar, and all but irrelevant. Yet the proliferating connections tying together the cognitive and evolutionary communities promise to transform both fields, with each supplying necessary principles, methods, and a species of rigor that the other lacks. Although the sudden conjunction of these two communities has led to the customary level of mutual misunderstanding, the long-run significance of these developments is unmistakable. From this emerging integrated perspective, the domain-specific mechanisms or modules cognitive psychologists have been studying can be readily recognized for what they are – evolved adaptations, produced by the evolutionary process acting on our hunter-gatherer ancestors (Cosmides & Tooby, 1987). Natural selection and ancestral environments Viewed from a more encompassing scientific framework, the confluence of these two research communities seems inevitable (Tooby & Cosmides, 1992). The human brain did not fall out of the sky, an inscrutable artifact of unknown origin, and there is no longer any sensible reason for studying it in ignorance of the causal processes that constructed it.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Our findings suggest that the effect of social and ecological complexity may be limited to influencing more specialized, and potentially domain-specific forms of cognition (188-196).”
From The evolution of self-control. (2014) · cites this paper as [193]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 839
The effects of multimedia on cognitive aspects of decision-making
Wheeler, P. R., & Arunachalam, V. (2008) · International Journal of Accounting Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.accinf.2008.10.004 · Cited by 15
Evolutionary psychology: Neglecting neurobiology in defining the mind
Peters, B. M. (2013) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354313480269 · Cited by 16
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Psychology
Weiskopf, D. A., & Adams, F. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139019040 · Cited by 16
Evolved Features of Artistic Motivation: Analyzing a Brazilian Database Spanning Three Decades
Varella, M. A. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769915 · Cited by 15
Wood, S. M. W., & Wood, J. N. (2019) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101329 · Cited by 15
Modular Representations of Cognitive Phenomena in AI, Psychology and Neuroscience
Bryson, J. J. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-482-8.ch004 · Cited by 17
Evolution and Cognitive Development
Geary, D. C. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452233574.n4 · Cited by 35
Zerilli, J. (2017) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2017.1280145 · Cited by 15
“This indeed was thought to be a major argument in favor of modularity – the neat solution it offered to the so-called evolutionary “debugging” problem (Cosmides & Tooby, 1994).”
BackgroundTime for a Change: Topical Amendments to the Medical Model of Disease
Sarto‐Jackson, I. (2017) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-017-0289-z · Cited by 14
“A nativist perspective assumes a rigid and universally applicable mapping of clearly defined demarcated brain functions determined by genetic factors (Cosmides and Tooby 1994; Rakic 1988).”
BackgroundProblems with Piagetian Constructivism
Matthews, P. S. C. (1997) · Science & Education · doi:10.1023/a:1008622526815 · Cited by 14
Evolutionary nature of virtual experience
Lee, K. M., & Jung, Y. (2005) · Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1556/jcep.3.2005.2.4 · Cited by 14
“Throughout the explanation, our goal is to provide evidence that old mind modules are in play when we are using new media and technologies (COSMIDES & TOOBY, 1994).”
BackgroundNeuroecology and psychological modularity
Flombaum, J., Santos, L. R., & HAUSER, M. D. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01872-7 · Cited by 14
Distinctively human thinking: modular precursors and components
Carruthers, P. (2002) · Cited by 14
Callahan, G. (2010) · Review of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09538251003665826 · Cited by 13
“Our minds, evolutionary psychologists maintain, are designed by natural selection in order to solve adaptive problems: “evolutionary recurrent problem[s] whose solution promoted reproduction, however long or indirect the chain by which it did so” ( Cosmides and Tooby, 1994, p. 87 ).”
Self-Deception: A Teleofunctional Approach
Smith, D. L. (2013) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-013-9464-z · Cited by 13
“Van Leeuwen reads this claim into Trivers’ account on the grounds that psychological traits must be modular in order to be subject to natural selection (Cosmides and Tooby 1994).”
BackgroundVannuscorps, G., & Pillon, A. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.006 · Cited by 13
Cognitive evolutionary psychology without representational nativism
Cummins, D. D., Cummins, R., & Poirier, P. (2003) · Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/0952813021000055162 · Cited by 13
Introduction to evolutionary psychology
Workman, L., & Reader, W. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139164757.001 · Cited by 13
Rationality, Rule-Following and Emotions: On the Economics of Moral PreferencesPreprint
Vanberg, V. J. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
Eigenschaftstheorien der Motivation
Heckhausen, H. (1989) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08870-8_3 · Cited by 12
Epistemological Strata and the Rules of Right Reason
Cummins, R., Poirier, P., & Roth, M. (2004) · Synthese · doi:10.1023/b:synt.0000044992.91717.aa · Cited by 13
Ploeger, A., & van der Hoort, B. (2015) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000052 · Cited by 14
“These mechanisms, or adaptations, are considered to be domainspecific, rather than domain-general (Barrett & Kurzban, 2006; Cosmides & Tooby, 1994).”
BackgroundMetaphorical representation in collaborative software engineering
Herbsleb, J. D. (1999) · International Joint Conference on Work Activities Coordination and Collaboration (WACC) · doi:10.1145/295665.295679 · Cited by 12
“Naive psychology as a specific cognitive capability There is considerable evidence that naive psychology is a “special” sort of metaphor, in that it exploits a specific cognitive capability that evolved as a result of natural selection pressures favoring prehuman ancestors that were able to navigate the social world m…”
BackgroundBullot, N. J. (2009) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515080902969006 · Cited by 11
“If evolutionary psychology (Cosmides & Tooby, 1994) is correct, such common sense classifications are to be specializations that have evolved in response to adaptive problems (Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Mithen, 1996, 2005).”
BackgroundConcepts and the Modularity of Thought
Weiskopf, D. A. (2010) · dialectica · doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.2010.01224.x · Cited by 12
“This notion seems to be endorsed by Barrett & Kurzban (2006, 634), Boyer & Barrett (2005), and Cosmides & Tooby (1994).”
BackgroundModularity in Deep Learning: A Survey
Sun, H., & Guyon, I. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37963-5_40 · Cited by 15
Bayet, L., Pascalis, O., & Gentaz, É. (2014) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503314003030 · Cited by 40
“Cette hypothèse est d’autant plus séduisante qu’elle entre en résonance avec la vision modulaire de l’esprit humain qui existeen psychologiecognitive (c.f. Fodor, 1983) et évolutionniste (Cosmides & Tooby, 1994).”
BackgroundExperience‐Dependent Brain Development as a Key to Understanding the Language System
Westermann, G. (2016) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12194 · Cited by 12
22 The Network of Brain, Body, Language, and Culture
Mithen, S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_65 · Cited by 11
Towards a Darwinian Approach to Mathematics
Cruz, H. D. (2006) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1007/s10699-004-5916-z · Cited by 11
Motivation und Handeln: Einführung und Überblick
Heckhausen, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53927-9_1 · Cited by 11
Emotions as modulators of desire
Yip, B. (2021) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-021-01697-y · Cited by 9
How does disgust regulate social rejection? a mini-review
Terrizzi, J. A., Pond, R. S., Shannon, T. C. J., Koopman, Z. K., & Reich, J. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141100 · Cited by 16
Lohaus, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31277-9_2 · Cited by 10
The Evolutionary Origins of Cognitive Control
Hills, T. T. (2011) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01135.x · Cited by 10
Geurts, B. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.21 · Cited by 13
A multimethod approach to measuring mental representations of threatening others.
Michalak, N. M., & Ackerman, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000781 · Cited by 12
Brown, P. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.16 · Cited by 67
Folk Taxonomies Should Not Have Essences, Either: A Response to the Commentary
Zachar, P. (2000) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 10
Hubbard, T. L. (2003) · Anthropology of Consciousness · doi:10.1525/ac.2003.14.1.40 · Cited by 10
The Environments of Our Hominin Ancestors, Tool-usage, and Scenario Visualization
Arp, R. (2006) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-005-0443-z · Cited by 10
“…and anatomy, but also for certain human psychological and behavioral characteristics that evolved in our past to solve specific problems of survival (e.g., Cosmides and Tooby 1992, 1994; Gardner 1993, 1999; Pinker 1994, 1997, 2002; Mithen 1996, 1998, 2001; Wilson 2003; Scher and Rauscher 2003).”
BackgroundSiegal, M. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.017 · Cited by 10
Allhoff, F. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444315578.ch1 · Cited by 11
Career threat adaptability of gig workers: An integrative conceptual framework
Rai, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05258-w · Cited by 9
Huang, Y. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.7 · Cited by 9
Evolutionary Psychology and Normal Science: in Search of a Unifying Research Program
Egeland, J. (2022) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-022-09736-x · Cited by 9
Theorizing is important, and collateral information constrains how well it is done
Koslowski, B., & Thompson, S. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.010 · Cited by 9
The nature of thinking, shallow and deep
Brase, G. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00435 · Cited by 11
“Besides indications that modularity is inevitable based on logical principles (Cosmides and Tooby, 1994; Callebaut and RasskinGutman, 2005; Tooby and Cosmides, 2005; Carruthers, 2006; Ermer et al., 2007), computer simulations show that modularity is a consequence of neural organization under…”
BackgroundKozunov, V. V., & Ossadtchi, A. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00107 · Cited by 8
Adaptationism and adaptive thinking in evolutionary psychology
Rellihan, M. (2011) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2011.579416 · Cited by 9
Measuring an Approximate g in Animals and People
Commons, M. L. (2006) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 9
Thinking about causality: pragmatic, social and scientific rationality
Hilton, D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.012 · Cited by 9
Explanatory Limits in the Cognitive Science of Religion: Theoretical Matrix and Evidence Levels
Oviedo, L. (2018) · New approaches to the scientific study of religion · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90239-5_2 · Cited by 10
Mechanism in behavioural economics
Joffe, M. (2019) · Journal of Economic Methodology · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2019.1625214 · Cited by 9
“They have developed in the course of natural selection, to solve adaptive problems in our evolutionary history (Cosmides & Tooby, 1994b).”
BackgroundL’esprit de la sociologie. Les sociologues et le fonctionnement de l'esprit humain
Clément, F. (2011) · Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.editionsmsh.14406 · Cited by 9
Fodor on Cognition, Modularity, and Adaptationism
Okasha, S. (2003) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/367870 · Cited by 11
Lickliter, R., & Honeycutt, H. G. (2003) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0404_04 · Cited by 9
Cognitive evolutionary therapy for depression: a case study
Giosan, C., Muresan, V., & Moldovan, R. (2014) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.131 · Cited by 8
Adam, R. J. (2009) · Journal for the Academic Study of Religion · doi:10.1558/arsr.v22i1.42 · Cited by 8
“Current theories in cognitive development grapple more consciously than their Piagetian predecessors with issues of domain specificity (Cosmides and Tooby 1994), interaction between culture and cognition (Boyer 1994; Evans 2000, 2001), and evolutionary understandings of cognition (Siegler 1996).”
BackgroundFunctional relationships for determining similarities and differences in comparative cognition
Wright, A. A. (2010) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2010.07.018 · Cited by 8
“Traditionally, proposed cognitive modules have been bottom-up processing with domain-specific input mechanisms, for example, a face-specific mechanism for conspecific recognition (e.g., Cosmides and Tooby, 1994; Kanwisher, 2000, 2006).”
Homo loquens en homo scribens : Over natuur en cultuur bij de taal
Kraak, A. (2006) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.5117/9789053569542 · Cited by 8
Human artistic behaviour: adaptation, byproduct, or cultural group selection?
Smedt, J. D., & de Cruz, H. (2012) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1951-4_8 · Cited by 10
“…human brain is modularly organized is subject to debate, most evolutionary psychologists endorse a modular conception of the human mind (see e.g., Cosmides and Tooby ( 1994 ) for a theoretical discussion of the central position of modularity in the evolutionary psychological research programme).”
Evolutionary Psychology as a Metatheory for the Social Sciences
Ploeger, A. (2010) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 8
Can we perceive mental states?
Neufeld, E. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1807-7 · Cited by 8
“…(Grice 1989; Leslie 2009), decision-making (Tversky and Kahneman 1983), attention (Posner 2012; Posner and Boies 1971), evolutionary psychology (Cosmides and Tooby 1994; Schulz 2011, 2016), and cognitive architecture more generally (Barlow 1961; Fodor 1983). a “high degree of within category…”
BackgroundEigenschaftstheorien der Motivation
Scheffer, D., & Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53927-9_3 · Cited by 8
Life History Predicts Perceptions of Procedural Justice and Crime Reporting Intentions
Kruger, D. J., Nedelec, J. L., Reischl, T. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-015-0021-9 · Cited by 8
The ontogenetic origins of human cooperation
Wyman, E., & Tomasello, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0017 · Cited by 8
Methodology in evolutionary psychology
Ferguson, S. A. (2002) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1023/a:1022509602771 · Cited by 8
Elementary, my dear Watson, the clue is in the genes…or is it?
Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (2003) · British Academy eBooks · doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197262795.003.0016 · Cited by 8
A Psicologia Evolucionista e o conceito de cultura
Lordelo, E. D. R. (2010) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.1590/s1413-294x2010000100008 · Cited by 8
Evolution and Personality: What Should a Comprehensive Theory Address and How?
Nichols, C. P., Sheldon, K. M., & Sheldon, M. S. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00086.x · Cited by 8
Developmental objections to evolutionary modularity
Sarnecki, J. (2006) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-006-9029-7 · Cited by 8
Mithen, S. (1997) · Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association · doi:10.1525/ap3a.1997.7.1.67 · Cited by 8
HAUSER, M. D., & Young, L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79288-8_1 · Cited by 8
Teoría de la mente y desarrollo de las inteligencias
García, E. G. (2005) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 8
Recent Work in Individualism in the Social, Behavioral and Biological Sciences
Wilson, R. A. (2004) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1023/b:biph.0000036164.90836.7e · Cited by 8
Evolutionary psychology’s grain problem and the cognitive neuroscience of reasoning
Atkinson, A. P., & Wheeler, M. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203641606-9 · Cited by 9
Mameli, M. (2001) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1023/a:1010605410437 · Cited by 8
Culture and Cognitive Theory: Toward a Reformulation
Thakker, J., & Durrant, R. (2001) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 8
Developmental Origins of Biological Motion Perception
Frankenhuis, W. E., Barrett, H. C., & Johnson, S. P. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393705.003.0008 · Cited by 7
Methods and Finance: A View from Outside
Ippoliti, E. (2016) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49872-0_1 · Cited by 10
Geary, D. C. (2007) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-588-220251002 · Cited by 15
Contextualism and Semantic Minimalism
Bezuidenhout, A. L. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.31 · Cited by 9
Mitigating the Dilution Effect in Auditors' Judgments Using a Frequency Response Mode
Eilifsen, A., Kochetova, N., & Messier, W. F. (2019) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-52467 · Cited by 6
“…approach on research by Gigerenzer and his colleagues (e.g., Gigerenzer, Hoffrage, and Kleinbölting 1991; Gigerenzer and Hoffrage 1995) and others (Cosmides and Tooby 1994, 1996) who maintained that if people are asked to estimate the probability of a single event, the question does not connect…”
Yildirim, B., Kurdoglu-Ersoy, P., Kapucu, A., & Teközel, M. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2022.2090948 · Cited by 7
Disembodied performance : abstraction of representation in live theater
Torpey, P. A. (2009) · Cited by 7
Nativism and Neurobiology: Representations, Representing, and the Continuum of Cognition
Merritt, M. (2008) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.12.2.181 · Cited by 7
Introduction to Evolutionary Theory and Its Modern Application to Human Behavior and Cognition
Goetz, A. T., & Shackelford, T. K. (2006) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2882.003.0004 · Cited by 7
Carston, R. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.19 · Cited by 13
Working Memory Capacity and Individual Differences in Higher-Level Cognition
Orzechowski, J. (2010) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7_21 · Cited by 9
Mechanisms of evolutionary change
Workman, L., & Reader, W. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139164757.002 · Cited by 8
Emotion investigated with music of variable valence - neurophysiology and cultural influence
Fritz, T. H. (2009) · Cited by 6
Understanding the Adaptive Functions of Morality from a Cognitive Psychological Perspective
Dungan, J. A., & Young, L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0376 · Cited by 8
Bassok, M. (1997) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60498-3 · Cited by 7
Behavioral Analysis in the Study of Politics: The Conflict Laboratory
Ponte, A. D., Kline, R., & Ryan, J. B. (2020) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1003 · Cited by 7
The Effect of Verbal Praise on Maze Completion
Gambino, T. (2016) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn21.1.54 · Cited by 6
Fodor y la modularidad de la mente (veinte años después)
Albea, J. E. G. (2003) · Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology · Cited by 6
Decker, K. A., & Lord, C. G. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2817 · Cited by 6
EMIL BRUNNER REVISITED: ON THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF RELIGION, THE IMAGO DEI, AND REVELATION
Smedes, T. A. (2014) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12079 · Cited by 6
The evolved foundations of decision making
Wilke, A., & Todd, P. M. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139015684.004 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J.
- Venue
- Mapping the Mind
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1994-04-29
- Pages
- 85-116
- OpenAlex
- W1525192663
- Cited by
- 849
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 41.52
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- domain specificity, modularity, natural selection, ancestral environment, cognitive evolution, brain organization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
