Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 334

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave

Roth, Benita·2003·Cambridge University Press eBooks
DOI 10.1017/cbo9780511815201
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This examines the emergence of feminist movements from the Civil Rights/Black Liberation movement, the Chicano movement, and the white left in the 1960s and 1970s. The author argues that the 'second wave' was comprised of feminisms: organizationally distinct movements that influenced each other in complex ways. The making of second wave feminisms resulted from decisions that feminists made about their political choices given constraints that affected their activism. These constraints were placed on them by structural inequalities that militated against unity among feminists from different racial/ethnic communities; by loyalties that feminists, particularly feminists of color, felt to other members of their movement communities; and by the necessity of making political decisions within a competitive and complex extra-institutional oppositional milieu.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/cbo9780511815201

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 7 references

Research works printed but not linked: 301

  1. Women's Liberation, Washington, DC. 1968. “Conference Summary.” Leni Wildflower Collection, Southern California Library for Social Science and Research
  2. Roth, 1999b, Race, Class, and the Emergence of Black Feminism in the 1960s and 1970s, Womanist Theory and Research, 2
  3. Rominski, 1968, Sexual Service System, Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement
  4. Redd, Spring. 1983. “Something Latino Was Up with Us.” In Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited by Barbara Smith. New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press
  5. Omolade, Barbara. 1994. The Rising Song of African American Women. New York and London: Routledge
  6. Matthews, Tracye. 1998. “‘No One Ever Asks, What a Man's Place in the Revolution Is’: Gender and the Politics of the Black Panther Party, 1966–1971.” In The Black Panther Party Reconsidered, edited by Charles P. Jones. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998
  7. Ugarte, Sandra. 1997. “Chicana Regional Conference.” In Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings, edited by Alma García. New York and London: Routledge. Originally appeared in Hijas de Cuauhtémoc 1:1:1–3 (1971)
  8. Smith Reid, Inez. 1972. “Together” Black Women. New York: The Third Press
  9. Moraga Cherríe. 1983. Loving in the War Years: Lo que nunca pasó por sus labias. Boston: South End Press
  10. Marable, 1983, Groundings with My Sisters: Patriarchy and the Exploitation of Black Women, Journal of Ethnic Studies, 11, 2
  11. Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley
  12. 10.1525/ae.1989.16.3.02a00080 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Roth, Benita. 1999a. “The Vanguard Center: Intra-movement Experience and the Emergence of African-American Feminism.” In Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women's Activism, edited by Kimberly Springer. New York: New York University Press
  14. Pérez, Emma. 1991. “Sexuality and Discourse: Notes from a Chicana Survivor.” In Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About, edited by Carla Trujillo. Berkeley: Third Woman Press (159–184)
  15. Naples, Nancy. 1998b. Editor, Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class, and Gender. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
  16. Marx Ferree, Myra, and Patricia Yancey Martin, eds. 1995. Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women's Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
  17. Wilson, 1970, Women and Anti-war Work: Two Perspectives, It Ain't Me Babe, 1, 8
  18. White, 1969a, Why Liberation?, The Daily Gater
  19. Rivero, 1977, La Mujer y La Raza: Latinas y Chicanas” [Woman and Race: Latinas and Chicanas], Caracol, 4, 3
  20. Oliver, 2000, What a Good Idea! Ideologies and Frames in Social Movement Research, Mobilization: An International Journal, 4, 37, 10.17813/maiq.5.1.g54k222086346251 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Wells, 1969, A Movement for Us, the great speckled bird
  22. Webb, 1969a, We Are Victims, Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement
  23. Verner, 1974, Brenda Verner Examines ‘Liberated’ Sisters, Encore, 22
  24. Tarrow, Sidney. 1988. “Old Movements in New Cycles of Protest: The Career of an Italian Religious Community.” International Social Movement Research. Vol. 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
  25. Milkman, Ruth. 1985. “Women Workers, Feminism and the Labor Movements Since the 1960s.” In Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul
  26. 10.2307/3096934 · doi:10.2307/3096934 · Paper page
  27. Martinez, 1971, The Melting Pot of Greed – ya basta, Fourth World, 1, 12
  28. Martínez, Elizabeth. 1998. De Colores Means All of Us: Latina Views for a Multi-colored Century. Cambridge, MA: South End Press
  29. Kitschelt, 1985, New Social Movements in West Germany and the US, Political Power and Social Theory, 5, 273
  30. Gómez-Quiñones, Juan. 1990. Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise 1940–1990. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
  31. Alarcón, Norma. 1991. “The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism.” In Criticism in the Borderlands, edited by Hector Calderón and José David Saldívar. Durham, NC: Duke University Press · DOI · Paper page
  32. Marx Ferree, 1998, Gender, Class, and the Interaction Between Social Movements: A Strike of West Berlin Day Care Workers, Gender and Society, 12, 6
  33. Davidica, 1968, Women and the Radical Movement, No More Fun and Games, 1
  34. Smith, Barbara. 1983. “Introduction.” In Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited by Barbara Smith. New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press
  35. Carson, Clayborne. 1981. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
  36. Goldfield, Evelyn, Sue Munaker, and Naomi Weisstein. c. 1968. “A Woman Is a Sometime Thing.” Pamphlet published by the Literature Committee, Toronto's Women's Liberation, and the Hogtown Press. Women's Liberation Ephemera Files, Special Collections, Northwestern University
  37. Standley, Anne. 1990. “The Role of Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement.” In Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941–1965, edited by Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press
  38. Crawford, Vicki L., et al. 1993. Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941–1965. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press
  39. Sandoval, Chela. 1990. “Feminism and Racism: A Report on the 1981 National Women's Studies Association Conference.” In Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color, edited by Gloria Anzaldúa. San Francisco: An Aunt Lute Foundation Book
  40. Batten, 1969, After Black Power, Woman Power, Chatelaine
  41. Robinson, Patricia, and the Mount Vernon/New Rochelle Group. c. 1970. “Poor Black Women.” Reprint published by New England Free Press. Women's Liberation Ephemera Files, Special Collections, Northwestern University
  42. Anzaldúa, Gloria. 1981. “O. K. Momma, Who the Hell Am I? An Interview with Luisah Teish.” In This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, edited by Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press
  43. Anderson, Terry H. 1995. The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press · doi:10.1080/03612759.1995.9949147
  44. Johnson Reagon, 1978, The Borning Struggle: The Civil Rights Movement, Radical America, 12, 6
  45. Berkeley Women's Liberation. 1969. “Why the Women's Liberation Movement Must Be Autonomous.” Unpublished position paper from Berkeley Women's Liberation Conference, August 15–17. Schlesinger Library, Harvard University
  46. Kearns, 1970, Grove Press: Crimes Against Women, off our backs
  47. Bennett, 1971, Chicana Conference May Change Image, Houston Post
  48. New University Conference, Women's Caucus (NUC). c. 1970a. “History of the Women's Caucus.” Unpublished, unsigned position paper. Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA
  49. Encuentro Feminil Editors. 1997. “Introduction to Encuentro Feminil.” In Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings, edited by Alma García. New York and London: Routledge. Originally appeared in Encuentro Feminil 1:2:3–7 (1973)
  50. Snow, David A., and Robert D. Benford. 1992. “Master Frames and Cycles of Protest.” In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller. New Haven and London: Yale University Press
  51. Dixon, Marlene. 1968. “Reply to ‘One Editor's View of the Women's Caucus.’ ”New University Conference Newsletter (September). Women's Liberation Ephemera Files, Special Collections, Northwestern University
  52. Springer, 2001, The Interstitial Politics of Black Feminist Organizations, Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, 1, 155, 10.1215/15366936-1.2.155 · DOI
  53. “Cornell Conference on Women Report.” 1969. Unpublished January 25 report on “Panel 7: THE BLACK WOMEN IN AMERICA.” Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
  54. Cherot, 1971, Chicana Regional Conference, La Raza, 1, 43
  55. Comision Femenil Mexicana (CFM). 1971a. “Resolution.” Regeneracíon 1:10 (Reprint of October 1970 resolution made at National Mexican American Issues Conference, Sacramento, CA)
  56. Anderson-Bricker, Kristin. 1999. “‘Triple Jeopardy’: Black Women and the Growth of Feminist Consciousness in SNCC, 1964–1975.” In Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women's Activism, edited by Kimberly Springer. New York: New York University Press
  57. Campbell, 1973, Black Feminists Form Group Here, New York Times
  58. Bernstein, 1968, The Nitty Gritty on the Woman Question, Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement
  59. Estellachild, 1971, Hippie Communes, Women: A Journal of Liberation, 2
  60. Martínez, Elizabeth. 1997 [1971]. “Viva La Chicana and All Brave Women of La Causa.” In Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings, edited by Alma García. New York and London: Routledge (80–81). Originally appeared in El Grito del Norte: 4:4–5 (June 5):a–b
  61. Cortera, 1976b, Chicana Identity (platica de Marta Cortera), Caracol, 2, 14
  62. Jordan, 1977, Second Thoughts of a Black Feminist, Ms, 113
  63. Herrera, Albert. 1971. “The National Chicano Moratorium and the Death of Ruben Salazar.” In The Chicanos: Mexican American Voices, edited by Ed Ludwig and James Santibanez. Baltimore: Penguin Books
  64. Bender, 1969, Black Women in Civil Rights: Is She a Second-Class Citizen?, New York Times
  65. “L.D., black student.” 1970. “Black Working Women Will Rebel.” Notes on Women's Liberation: We Speak in Many Voices. Detroit: Issued by News & Letters (January)
  66. Morris, Aldon D., and Carol McClurg Mueller, eds. 1992. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven and London: Yale University Press
  67. New University Conference, Women's Caucus (NUC) c. 1970b. “Whither the Women's Caucus?” Unsigned, unpublished position paper. Ibid
  68. Chancer, Lynn S. 1998. Reconcilable Differences: Confronting Beauty, Pornography and the Future of Feminism. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press · DOI
  69. Minkoff, Debra C. 1995. Organizing for Equality: The Evolution of Women's and Racial-Ethnic Organizations in America, 1955–1985. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
  70. Allen, 1968a, What Strategy for Movement Women?, Guardian, 9
  71. García-Camarillo, 1976, Mujeres En El Movimiento: Platica de Las Mujeres de Caracol” [Women in the Movement: A Conversation with the Women of Caracol], Caracol
  72. Freeman, 1968, What in the Hell Is Women's Liberation Anyway?, Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement
  73. Cherot, 1967, Chicago Women Form Liberation Group/Preliminary Statement of Principles, New Left Notes
  74. Echols, 1992, ‘We Gotta Get Out of This Place’: Notes Toward a Remapping of the Sixties, Socialist Review, 22, 9
  75. Conley, 1970, Do Black Women Need the Women's Lib?, Essence, 1, 29
  76. Damned, The. 1990 [1973]. Lessons From the Damned: Class Struggle in the Black Community. Ojai, CA: Times Change Press
  77. Cortera, Marta. 1980. “Feminism: The Chicano and Anglo Versions.” Twice a Minority: Mexican American Women, edited by Margarita Melville. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company
  78. 10.2307/3180152 · doi:10.2307/3180152
  79. McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  80. 10.1177/089124392006003002 · DOI
  81. Hartmann, Susan M. 1998. The Other Feminists: Activists in the Liberal Establishment. New Haven and London: Yale University Press
  82. Greene, 1970, Guardian: Strike and Split, off our backs
  83. Hunter, 1970, Many Blacks Wary of ‘Women's Liberation’ Movement in the U.S., New York Times, B1
  84. McAdam, Doug. 1988. Freedom Summer. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  85. 10.1086/494576 · doi:10.1086/494576
  86. 1970, Women and Anti-war Work, It Ain't Me Babe, 1
  87. Davis, 1988, To Seize the Moment: A Retrospective on the National Black Feminist Organization, Sage, 5
  88. Rose, Fred. 2000. Coalitions Across the Class Divide: Lessons from the Labor, Peace and Environmental Movements. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press · doi:10.7591/9781501718731
  89. Jefferson, 1974, In Defense of Black Feminism, Encore, 46
  90. Kashif, 1970, Color, Class Status Big Factors in Women's Liberation, Muhammed Speaks, 22
  91. Kingsolver, Barbara. 1996 [1983]. Holding the Line: Women in the Great Arizona Mine Strike of 1983. Ithaca and London: ILR Press
  92. Cooney, 1975, Changing Labor Force Participation of Mexican American Wives: A Comparison with Anglos and Blacks, Social Science Quarterly, 56, 252
  93. Firestone, 1969, D.C. Speech, Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement
  94. Lund, 1970, Female Liberation and Socialism.” Interview with Pat Galligan, The Militant, 9
  95. Sacks, Karen. 1994. “How Did Jews Become White Folks?” In RACE, edited by Steven Gregory and Roger Sanjek. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
  96. 10.1086/495187 · DOI
  97. Saldívar-Hull, Sonia. 1991. “Feminism on the Border: From Gender Politics to Geopolitics.” In Criticism in the Borderlands, edited by Hector Calderón and José David Saldívar. Durham, NC: Duke University Press · doi:10.2307/j.ctv11316tz.19
  98. San Miguel, Guadalupe. 1984. “The Origins, Development, and Consequences of the Educational Segregation of Mexicans in the Southwest.” Chicano Studies: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by Eugene E. García, Francisco A. Lomelí, and Isidro Ortiz. New York and London: Teachers College Press
  99. davenport, doris. 1979. “The Pathology of Racism: A Conversation with Third World Women.” In This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, edited by Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa. Watertown, MA: Persephone Press (85–86)
  100. Fair Burks, Mary. 1990. “Trailblazers: Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.” In Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941–1965, edited by Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press
  101. Thompson, Becky. 2001. A Promise and a Way of Life: White Antiracist Activism. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press
  102. Ali, Moiram. 1987. “The Coal War: Women's Struggle During the British Miner's Strike.” In Women and Political Conflict: Portraits of Struggle in Times of Crisis, edited by Rosemary Ridd and Helen Callaway. New York: New York University Press
  103. Klein, Ethel. 1987. “The Diffusion of Consciousness in the United States and Europe.” In The Women's Movements of the United States and Western Europe: Consciousness, Political Opportunity, and Public Policy, edited by Mary Fainsod Katzenstein and Carol McClurg Mueller. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
  104. Eichelberger, Brenda D. 1974–1975. Letters. National Black Feminist Organization Papers, Special Collections, University of Illinois, Chicago
  105. Ludwig, Ed. 1971. “Introduction.” In The Chicanos: Mexican American Voices, edited by Ed Ludwig and James Santibanez. Baltimore: Penguin Books
  106. Vidal, 1971b, 600 Attend National Chicana Conference, The Militant
  107. Gluck, Sherna, with Maylei Blackwell, Sharon Cotrell, and Karen S. Harper. 1998. “Whose Feminism, Whose History? Reflections on Excavating the History of (the) US Women's Movement(s).” In Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class, and Gender, edited by Nancy A. Naples. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
  108. Cherot, 1970, I Am What I Am, Liberation News Service, 294, 16
  109. 10.1086/226464 · DOI · Paper page
  110. Baca Zinn, 1975, Political Familialism: Toward Sex Role Equality in Chicano Families, Aztlán, 6, 13, 10.1525/azt.1975.6.1.13 · doi:10.1525/azt.1975.6.1.13
  111. Sandoval, 1991, U.S. Third World Feminism: The Theory and Method of Oppositional Consciousness in the Postmodern World, Genders, 10, 1
  112. Fireman, Bruce, and William Gamson. 1979. “Utilitarian Logic in the Resource Mobilization Perspective.” In The Dynamics of Social Movements, edited by Mayer Zald and John D. McCarthy. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, Inc
  113. Basso, Sister Teresita. 1971. “The Emerging Chicana Woman Religious.” In The Third Annual El Alma Chicana Symposium, California State University, San Jose. (Subsequently published as “The Emerging ‘Chicana’ Sister.” Review for Religious (November 1971):1019–1028.)
  114. Myers, Kristin. 1999. “Racial Unity in the Grass Roots? A Case Study of a Women's Social Service Organization.” In Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women's Activism, edited by Kimberly Springer. New York: New York University Press (107–130) · doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814786802.003.0013
  115. Popkin, 1988, An Early Moment in Women's Liberation: The Social Experience Within Bread and Roses, Radical America, 22, 1
  116. Dunbar, 1968, Slavery, No More Fun and Games, 1
  117. 10.1353/aq.1996.0010 · DOI
  118. García-Camarillo, 1976, Equal Rights Amendment: Report by Mia García-Camarillo, Caracol, 8
  119. King, 1975, Oppression and Power: The Unique Status of the Black Woman in the American Political System, Social Science Quarterly, 56, 1
  120. Cameron, Ardis. 1985. “Bread and Roses Revisited: Women's Culture and Working Class Activism in the Lawrence Strike of 1912.” In Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History, edited by Ruth Milkman. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul
  121. Vidal, Mirta. 1971a. “Women: New Voice of La Raza.” In Chicanas Speak Out/Women New Voice of La Raza. New York: Pathfinder Press
  122. Morgan, 1970a, Goodbye to All That, RAT
  123. Webb, 1970, Seize the Press Sisters, off our backs
  124. DuBois, Ellen Carol. 1978. Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America 1848–1869. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press
  125. Cantwell, 1971, ‘I Can't Call You My Sister Yet’: A Black Woman Looks at Women's Lib, Mademoiselle
  126. Payne, Charles. 1990. “Men Led, but Women Organized: Movement Participation of Women in the Mississippi Delta.” In Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941–1965, edited by Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press
  127. 10.2307/2080213 · DOI
  128. Overton, 1970, Panther Constitutional Convention, Ain't I a Woman
  129. Lorde, Audre. 1982. Zami: A New Spelling of My Name. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press
  130. Clarke, Cheryl. 1983. “The Failure to Transform: Homophobia and the Black Community.” In Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited by Barbara Smith. New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press
  131. Rupp, Leila J., and Verta Taylor. 1987. Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women's Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s. New York: Oxford University Press
  132. Alarcón, Norma, Ana Castillo, and Cherríe Moraga. 1993. “Introduction.” In The Sexuality of Latinas, edited by Norma Alarcón, Ana Castillo, and Cherríe Moraga. Berkeley: Third Woman Press
  133. Eichelberger, 1971, Unsigned article, La Raza, 1, 40
  134. Thomas, 1964, The Role of Negro Women in the Battle for Equality, Negro Digest
  135. Harris, 1999, ‘All of Who I Am in the Same Place’: The Combahee River Collective, Womanist Theory and Research, 2, 1
  136. Dixon, 1970b, The Restless Eagles: Women's Liberation 1970, The Daily Gater, 4
  137. 10.2307/3178460 · DOI
  138. Echols, Alice. 1989. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
  139. Johnson, 1980, Women of Color: Organizing on Our Own, Upfront: A Black Woman's Newspaper, 2, 1
  140. Seese, 1969, You've Come a Long Way, Baby – Women in the Movement, Motive, 29, 6
  141. hooks, bell. 1981. Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press
  142. Rincon, 1971, La Chicana: ‘Her Role in the Past and Her Search for a New Role in the Future.’, Regeneracíon, 1, 15
  143. Cohen, 1985, Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements, Social Research, 52, 663
  144. 1971, History of the Organization, Third World Women's Alliance, 1, 6
  145. Rothenberg, 1968, One Editor's View of the Women's Caucus, New University Conference Newsletter, 5
  146. Gurr, Ted R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
  147. Allen Shockley, Ann. 1983. “The Black Lesbian in American Literature: An Overview.” In Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited by Barbara Smith. New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press
  148. 10.1007/BF00288010 · doi:10.1007/bf00288010
  149. Robinson, Patricia, and the Mount Vernon/New Rochelle Group. 1966–1971. Letters from Robinson to Joan Jordan (aka Vilma Sanchez). Joan Jordan Papers, State Historical Society, Madison, WI
  150. Robnett, Belinda. 1997. How Long? How Long? African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. New York: Oxford University Press · DOI · Paper page
  151. 10.2307/2117751 · DOI · Paper page
  152. Medal, 1971, Chicana Conference, El Tecolote, 1, 20
  153. Weathers, Maryanne. 1968a. “An Argument for Black Women's Liberation as a Revolutionary Force.” Position paper (October) issued by Third World Women's Alliance, Cambridge, MA. Social Action Files, State Historical Society, Madison, WI
  154. Smith, 1970, Meet Women of the Black Panthers, Daily Defender
  155. de la Garza, Rudolph O. 1979. “The Politics of Mexican Americans.” In The Chicanos: As We See Ourselves, edited by Arnulfo D. Trejo. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press
  156. Hollins Flowers, Sandra. 1974c. “Feedback on Press Conference.” (October 6). Ibid
  157. Huerta, 1975, Dolores Huerta Talks, Regeneracíon, 2, 4
  158. Johnson Reagon, Bernice 1983. “Coalition Politics: Turning the Century.” In Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited by Barbara Smith. New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press
  159. Klandermans, Bert, and Sidney Tarrow. 1988. “Mobilization into Social Movements: Synthesizing European and American Approaches.” In International Social Movement Research. Vol. 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc
  160. Blackwell, Maylei. Forthcoming. “Contested Histories: Las Hijas de Cuauhtémoc/ Chicana Feminisms and Print Culture in the Chicano Movement, 1968–1973.” In Chicana Feminisms: Disruptions in Dialogue, edited by Gabriella Arredondo, Aida Hurtado, Norma Klahn, Olga Nájera-Ramirez, and Patricia Zavella. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
  161. Castillo, Ana. 1994. Massacre of the Dreamers: Essays on Xicanisma. New York: Plume/Penguin Books
  162. Elkins, 1970, Women-Identified Women: On the Man's Convention, RAT
  163. La Rue, Linda. 1970. “The Black Movement and Women's Liberation.” Reprint c. 1970; originally printed in May 1970 issue of The Black Scholar. Women's Liberation Ephemera Files, Special Collections, Northwestern University · DOI
  164. Fair Burks, 1969, Feminist Women March Against the War, The Militant
  165. Freeman, Jo [“Joreen”]. 1979. “Resource Mobilization and Strategy: A Model for Analyzing Social Movement Organization Actions.” In The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics, edited by Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers
  166. Gonzales, 1975, White Women's Liberation: The Oppressive Revolution, La Razon Mestiza, II
  167. Berger, 2000, ‘Our Bodies’ Is Recast for Latina Culture, New York Times, F8
  168. Rosen, 1974, The Development of the Chicano Movement in Los Angeles from 1967 to 1969, Aztlán, 4, 155, 10.1525/azt.1973.4.1.155 · doi:10.1525/azt.1973.4.1.155
  169. Anna, 1970, Women Inspired to Commit Herstory, Ain't I a Woman
  170. Kuumba, M. Bahati. 1999. “Engendering the Pan African Movement: Field Notes from the All-African Women's Revolutionary Union.” In Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women's Activism, edited by Kimberly Springer. New York: New York University Press
  171. García, Alma. 1997. Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge
  172. 10.2307/3346808 · doi:10.2307/3346808
  173. Brock, Annette K. 1990. “Gloria Richardson and the Cambridge Movement.” In Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941–1965, edited by Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press
  174. Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press
  175. hooks, bell. 1984. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Boston: South End Press
  176. Aguilar, 1975, International Women's Conference in Mexico City, Caracol, 10
  177. Dowd Hall, Jacqueline. 1990. “Disorderly Women: Gender and Labor Militancy in the Appalachian South.” In Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, edited by Ellen Carol DuBois and Vicki L. Ruiz. New York and London: Routledge
  178. Flores, 1971b, Editorial, Regeneracíon, 1, 10
  179. Independent Campus Women. 1970b, 1970c. Letters to The Phoenix (May 21). Ibid
  180. Densmore, Dana. 1971. “On Unity.” No More Fun and Games 5 (July). Reprint of speech delivered at the Conference to Unite Women in Washington, DC, October 1970
  181. Tanner, 1971, Venceremos Brigade: An Elitist Authoritarian Organization, RAT
  182. 10.1093/sf/52.1.53 · doi:10.1093/sf/52.1.53 · Paper page
  183. Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa. Vol. 1. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press · DOI · Paper page
  184. 10.1093/sf/47.2.127 · DOI
  185. 10.1086/493899 · DOI · Paper page
  186. Cagan, Beth. 1971. “Why Should Women Join the NUC?” New University Conference Women's Caucus Newsletter (March). Schlesinger Library, Harvard University
  187. Katzenstein, Mary F. 1998. Faithful and Fearless: Moving Feminist Protest Inside the Church and Military. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press · DOI
  188. Buechler, Steven M. 1990. Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights and Beyond. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press · DOI · Paper page
  189. Ferguson, 1970, Women's Liberation Has a Different Meaning for Blacks, The Washington Post
  190. Ruiz, Vicki L. 1990. “A Promise Fulfilled: Mexican Cannery Workers in Southern California.” In Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, edited by Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois. New York and London: Routledge
  191. Hull, Gloria T., Patrica Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds. 1982. All the Women Are White, All the Men Are Black, but Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press
  192. West, 1971, Are Black Male Artists Prejudiced Toward Women?, Amsterdam News
  193. Cárdenas, 1976, The Machismo Manifesto (humourous article), Caracol, 7
  194. Barrera, Mario. 1979. Race and Class in the Southwest: A Theory of Racial Inequality. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press
  195. 10.1177/089124398012006002 · doi:10.1177/089124398012006002
  196. Davies, James C. 1971. “Toward a Theory of Revolution.” In When Men Revolt and Why: A Reader in Political Violence. New York: Free Press
  197. California Women's Caucus, La Raza Unida Party. 1972. “National Chicano Political Conference, San Jose California.” Unpublished (April) draft document for presentation to the statewide convention of the RUP in July of 1972. Women's Liberation Ephemera Files, Special Collections, Northwestern University
  198. Dubey, Madhu. 1994. Black Women Novelists and the Nationalist Aesthetic. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press
  199. 10.1086/494578 · doi:10.1086/494578
  200. Sánchez, Rosaura. 1990. “The History of Chicanas: A Proposal for a Materialist Perspective.” In Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History, edited by Adelaida R. del Castillo. Encino, CA: Floricante Press

200 of 301 shown

Cited by

See all 334

Metadata

Authors
Roth, B.
Venue
Cambridge University Press eBooks
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Published
2003-11-24
DOI
10.1017/cbo9780511815201
OpenAlex
W357727480
Cited by
334
References
7
FWCI
5.90
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 3116 d)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/cbo9780511815201
The paper
Roth, B. (2003). Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave. Cambridge University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511815201

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.