The DOI matches its Crossref record.
With Malice toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments
Abstract
With Malice toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments addresses an issue integral to democratic societies: how people faced with a complex variety of considerations decide whether or not to tolerate extremist groups. Relying on several survey-experiments, Marcus, Sullivan, Theiss-Morse, and Wood identify and compare the impact on decision making of contemporary information, long-standing predispositions, and enduring values and beliefs. Citizens react most strongly to information about a group's violations of behavioral norms and information about the implications for democracy of the group's actions. The authors conclude that democratic citizens should have a strong baseline of tolerance yet be attentive to and thoughtful about current information.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 386
Who's In and Who's Out: The Politics of Religious Norms
Karpowitz, C. F., Monson, J. Q., & Patterson, K. D. (2016) · Politics and Religion · doi:10.1017/s1755048316000456 · Cited by 7
Hu, F., & Lee, I.-C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02151 · Cited by 7
Reconsidering Tolerance: Insights From Political Theory and Three Experiments
Jones, C. W., & Bejan, T. M. (2019) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123419000279 · Cited by 7
Intolerance in KwaZulu‐Natal: illustrating the complexity of tolerance attitudes
Gouws, A. (1996) · Politikon · doi:10.1080/02589349608705034 · Cited by 7
The Partisan Contours of Attitudes About Rights and Liberties
Armaly, M., & Enders, A. M. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-023-09860-3 · Cited by 6
Herkimer, J. V., Choma, B. L., & Nasser, L. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70043 · Cited by 6
Characterizing allies and opponents in gender policy debates
Fullerton, A. H., Durnová, A. P., & Weible, C. M. (2025) · Review of Policy Research · doi:10.1111/ropr.70009 · Cited by 8
Gandenberger, M., Büyüker, B., Manatschal, A., & Filindra, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2025.1520889 · Cited by 6
Passini, S., & Villano, P. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117742656 · Cited by 6
The Dimensions and Effects of Reciprocity in Political Tolerance Judgments
Djupe, P. A., & Neiheisel, J. R. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09748-0 · Cited by 6
Vicarious Justifications for Prejudice in the Application of Democratic Values
White, M. H., Crandall, C. S., & Davis, N. T. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211040700 · Cited by 6
Opinion Surveys and the Will of the People
Althaus, S. L. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610042.007 · Cited by 6
Cognitive ability is a powerful predictor of political tolerance
Rasmussen, S. H. R., & Ludeke, S. G. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12667 · Cited by 6
The tolerance of the despised: Atheists, the non-religious, and the value of pluralism
Devellennes, C., & Loveless, M. (2022) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/01925121211034148 · Cited by 6
Concept and Measurement Artifact in Multiple Values and Value Conflict Models
Miller, A. H., Wynn, T., Ullrich, P., et al. (2001) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591290105400208 · Cited by 6
Fear of the “Alien Other”: Cultural Anxiety and Opinions about Japan
Neuman, W. L. (2001) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2001.tb01116.x · Cited by 6
Psychosocial Analysis of the Collective Processes in the United States After September 11
Rodríguez‐Carballeira, Á., & Javaloy, F. (2005) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1080/07388940500200716 · Cited by 6
Blinded by the Light: Aspiration and Inspiration in Political Psychology
Marcus, G. E. (2008) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00632.x · Cited by 7
Self-citationShelef, N. G., & vanderWilden, E. (2024) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12906 · Cited by 6
Fear of terrorism and support for non-democratic rule in democracies
Piazza, J. A. (2023) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2023.2208726 · Cited by 5
Interpreting and Tolerating Speech
Doherty, D., & Stancliffe, J. (2016) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x16667090 · Cited by 5
Psychological Structure of Parental Tolerance
Ovcharova, R. (2018) · Psychological Science and Education · doi:10.17759/pse.2018230412 · Cited by 5
Security vs. civil liberties: How citizens cope with threat, restriction, and ideology
Jäger, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.1006711 · Cited by 8
Isserman, N. (2009) · Contemporary Jewry · doi:10.1007/s12397-008-9003-6 · Cited by 5
Political tolerance of demobilizing armed actors: The case of FARC in Colombia
Mun, K., Rojas, H., Coppini, D., & Cho, H. H. (2019) · Media, War & Conflict · doi:10.1177/1750635219874734 · Cited by 5
Improving the Measurement of “Big Five” Personality Traits in a Brief Survey Instrument
DeBell, M., Maisel, N. C., Brader, T. A., Wilson, C., & Jackman, S. D. (2021) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000653 · Cited by 5
Partisanship and Support for Restricting the Civil Liberties of Suspected Terrorists
Caton, C., & Mullinix, K. J. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09771-9 · Cited by 5
Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Mazaira‐Font, F. A. (2022) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2022.2051570 · Cited by 5
At the roots of attribution of human rights to migrants
Albarello, F., & Rubini, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1046616 · Cited by 5
Trüdinger, E., & Ziller, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2023.1000511 · Cited by 5
The study of political tolerance in the South African context
Gouws, A., & Gibson, J. L. (2001) · Social Dynamics · doi:10.1080/02533950108458715 · Cited by 5
Guérin, D., & Pelletier, R. (2000) · Nationalism and Ethnic Politics · doi:10.1080/13537110008428609 · Cited by 5
Emotional Responses to the Charlie Hebdo Attacks: Between Ideology and Political JudgmentPreprint
Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., & Foucault, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2693952 · Cited by 5
Self-citationDemocracy and “the Other”: Anti-Immigrant Attitudes and White Support for Anti-Democratic NormsPreprint
Büyüker, B., & Filindra, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3585387 · Cited by 5
Freedom for all? Populism and the instrumental support of freedom of speech
Stefanelli, A., Abts, K., & Meuleman, B. (2025) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2024.2434798 · Cited by 6
Carbajal, J., Parsons, J., Pillai, V. K., et al. (2011) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2011.637850 · Cited by 4
Hidden Affections: Presumptions that Continue to Misshape The Measurement of Emotion
Marcus, G. E. (2022) · Advances in Politics and Economics · doi:10.22158/ape.v5n1p73 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMoral Individualism in Modern Politics: A New Measure Inspired by Political Theory
Karpowitz, C. F., & Patterson, K. D. (2023) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592723001019 · Cited by 4
Substantive and Procedural Tolerance
Reese, L. A., & Zalewski, M. (2014) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087414556092 · Cited by 6
Merola, L. M. (2011) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2011.571531 · Cited by 4
The Minaret Ban in Switzerland: An Exception to the Rule?
Danaci, D. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94304-6_11 · Cited by 4
Merola, L. M. (2012) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2012.714397 · Cited by 3
Muñoz, R. D. (2018) · Política y Sociedad · doi:10.5209/poso.54808 · Cited by 3
Nazis in Skokie: Tolerance, democracy, and the deliberative sense of the community
Federman, C. (2023) · Communication and Democracy · doi:10.1080/27671127.2023.2206463 · Cited by 5
Evaluating the Legal Challenges and Effects of Counterterrorism Policy
Merola, L. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0953-3_12 · Cited by 3
Ideology, Issues, and Limited Information: Implications for Voting Behavior
Boyle, M., Schmierbach, M., & McLeod, D. M. (2007) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870701483896 · Cited by 3
Dark Clouds and Silver Linings: Social Responses to 9/11
Skitka, L. J., Saunders, B., Morgan, G. S., et al. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230101593_6 · Cited by 3
Zhang, J. (2017) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704917742808 · Cited by 3
Introverted and Closed-Minded: The Psychological Roots of Support for Autocracy in Latin America
Miranda, P. A., & Cawvey, M. (2021) · Journal of Politics in Latin America · doi:10.1177/1866802x21991261 · Cited by 7
Free Speech and Multiculturalism In and Out of the Academy
Chong, D. (2006) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00458.x · Cited by 3
Will Women Lead the Way? Gender and Information Preferences in Investment DecisionsPreprint
Nath, L., Holder‐Webb, L., & Wood, D. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1341897 · Cited by 3
How authoritarianism and extraversion relate to censorship
Wentzel, K., & Lambe, J. (2025) · Communication and Democracy · doi:10.1080/27671127.2025.2472640 · Cited by 2
Political tolerance in Canada: Are religious Canadians and Americans more intolerant?
Reimer, S. (2021) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/cars.12358 · Cited by 2
Trüdinger, E.-M., Hildebrandt, A., Sand, M., & Rieker, A. (2022) · International journal of public opinion research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edac018 · Cited by 2
Responses to holocaust denial: A case study at the university of Michigan
Bischoping, K. (1997) · Contemporary Jewry · doi:10.1007/bf02965479 · Cited by 2
Nagar, R., & Maoz, I. (2014) · Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict · doi:10.1080/17467586.2014.980281 · Cited by 2
Examining the impact of news attention and education on political tolerance in Hong Kong
Tsang, S. J. (2013) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2013.789427 · Cited by 2
Tolerance for the Free Speech of Outgroup Partisans
Carlos, R. F., Sheagley, G., & Taylor, K. L. (2023) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096522001202 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Personal Economic Values on Economic Policy Preferences*
Friesen, A., & Hibbing, M. V. (2016) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12236 · Cited by 2
Is Hatred Really the Main Emotional Source of Political Intolerance?Preprint
Gibson, J. L., Claassen, C., & Barceló, J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2981528 · Cited by 2
Addressing Online Political HostilityPreprint
Rasmussen, J. S. (2023) · Thesis Commons (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/745px · Cited by 2
Bezzo, F. B., Silva, L., Laurence, J., & Schmid, K. (2023) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2023.2277279 · Cited by 2
Aldar, L., Pliskin, R., Hasson, Y., et al. (2025) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70030 · Cited by 1
Karpowitz, C. F., & Patterson, K. D. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197814482.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Smithson, M. J. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198960614.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Filindra, A. (2026) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2026.10086 · Cited by 1
Baker, S. P., Randle, Q., Carter, E. L., et al. (2007) · Journal of Media and Religion · doi:10.1080/15348420701338518 · Cited by 1
The Authoritarian Dynamic and the Politics of Fear: Putting the Pieces of the Puzzle Together
Stenner, K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614712.004 · Cited by 1
Toward a people's Europe: an institutional analysis of immigration policy in the European Union
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.003 · Cited by 1
Emotions and Political Intolerance
Erişen, C. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58705-3_5
Territorial claims, territorial attachment, and political tolerance: evidence from India
Justwan, F., & Fisher, S. K. (2018) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2018.1528164 · Cited by 1
More About Tolerance Justifications
Witenberg, R. T. (2019) · SpringerBriefs in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3789-5_6 · Cited by 1
(2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610042.011 · Cited by 1
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.012 · Cited by 1
Gauging Political Tolerance through a List Experiment: Findings from a Survey of American MuslimsPreprint
Chouhoud, Y. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3480222 · Cited by 1
Ramirez, M. D., & Peterson, D. A. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108861915.004 · Cited by 1
Perceived Iranian Threat and Arab Support for the Arab-Israel AlliancePreprint
Kolagar, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4171990 · Cited by 1
What Surveys Can Tell Us about Public Opinion
Althaus, S. L. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610042.008 · Cited by 1
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.002
Althaus, S. L. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610042.001
Jugendkulturelle Eigenwelten in der postindustriellen Gesellschaft
Watts, M. W. (2002) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-95048-2_11
Selected Eastern and Central European country profiles
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.013
Althaus, S. L. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610042.002
Data collection and methodology
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.008
Conclusions: the construction of a European immigration regime?
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.007
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.004
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.014
The “European factor”: institutional and psychological constraints on immigration attitudes
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.006
The Structure and Causes of Information Effects
Althaus, S. L. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610042.005
Clark, A. K., Clark, M. J., & Eisenstein, M. A. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014525412
Lambe, J. L., & Lipke, M. S. (2006) · First Amendment Studies · doi:10.1080/08997225.2006.10556336
Merolla, J. L., & Pulido, P. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139542432.011
Authoritarianism and Conservatism: How They Differ and When It Matters
Stenner, K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614712.006
Post-9/11 Policy Discussions of Human Rights and Freedoms
Merola, L. M. (2013) · Advances in linguistics and communication studies · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-5003-9.ch017
Comparing different measures of attitudes
Lahav, G. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558887.009
Introduction: The Authoritarian Dynamic
Stenner, K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614712.001
Manipulating Threat and Reassurance: Data and Methods
Stenner, K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614712.003
One True People: Putting a Face on the Theory
Stenner, K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614712.007
The Impact of Information Effects
Althaus, S. L. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610042.004
Manning the Barricades: Racism and Intolerance under Conditions of Normative Threat
Stenner, K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614712.009
Metadata
- Authors
- Marcus, G. E., Sullivan, J. L., Theiss-Morse, E., & Wood, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Williams College (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of North Texas (US)
- ORCID
- Sullivan, John L.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1995-09-29
- OpenAlex
- W4256544203
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 10.66
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- extremist groups, information effects, threats to democracy, values and beliefs, public opinion, survey experiment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review