No associations between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone and depression among US adults
Open accessAbstract
Although there is evidence that vitamin D deficiency may play a role in depression, studies done on the associations have yielded mixed results. The present study aimed to examine the associations between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the presence of depression among US adults. A cross-sectional, population-based sample (including 3916 participants aged ≥ 20 years) from the 2005–6 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. Participants' depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 diagnostic algorithm. The associations of 25(OH)D and PTH with depression were explored using multivariate logistic regression models. For all the participants, the age-adjusted prevalence was 5·3 (95 % CI 4·3, 6·5) % for having moderate-to-severe depression, 2·3 (95 % CI 1·7, 3·1) % for having major depression and 3·8 (95 % CI 3·0, 4·6) % for having minor depression. Although the age-adjusted prevalence and the unadjusted OR of having moderate-to-severe depression or major depression decreased linearly with increasing quartiles of 25(OH)D (P < 0·05 for trends), no significant associations remained after adjusting for multiple potential confounders such as demographic variables, lifestyle factors and coexistence of a number of chronic conditions. Neither the age-adjusted prevalence nor the OR (unadjusted or adjusted) of having depression differed significantly by the quartiles of PTH. Thus, in contrast to some of the previous findings, the present results did not show significant associations between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and PTH and the presence of moderate-to-severe depression, major depression or minor depression among US adults. However, these findings need to be further confirmed in future studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Inadequate vitamin D intake has been associated with depression.
“inadequate vitamin D intake has been associated with depression (31,32)”
From Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
The Discussion reports that previous studies associated vitamin D deficiency with mood disorders or higher depression scores. But deficiency is not the same as inadequate dietary intake: the Discussion says dietary vitamin D intake data were unavailable, so this paper does not establish the claimed intake–depression association. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate
Levey, A. S., Stevens, L. A., Schmid, C. H., Zhang, Y. (., Castro, A. F., Feldman, H. I., Kusek, J. W., Eggers, P., Van Lente, F., Greene, T., et al. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006 · Cited by 25,603 · see citing works
Holick, M. F. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra070553 · Cited by 13,720 · see citing works
Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., Jones, D. W., Materson, B. J., Oparil, S., Wright, J. T., et al. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000107251.49515.c2 · Cited by 13,271 · see citing works
The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure
Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06 · Cited by 5,898 · see citing works
The Role of Vitamin D and Calcium in Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Pittas, A. G., Lau, J., Hu, F. B., & Dawson‐Hughes, B. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0298 · Cited by 2,020 · see citing works
Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1α-hydroxylase in human brain
Eyles, D. W., Smith, S., Kinobe, R., Hewison, M., & McGrath, J. J. (2005) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
Validity of the brief patient health questionnaire mood scale (PHQ-9) in the general population
Martin, A., Rief, W., Klaiberg, A., & Braehler, E. (2006) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Risk of Mortality in the General Population
Melamed, M. L., Michos, E. D., Post, W. S., & Astor, B. C. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
Optimal Vitamin D Status for Colorectal Cancer Prevention
Gorham, E. D., Garland, C. F., Garland, F. C., Grant, W. B., Mohr, S. B., Lipkin, M., Newmark, H. L., Giovannucci, E. L., Wei, M. Y., & Holick, M. F. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.004 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated With Low Mood and Worse Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Wilkins, C. H., Sheline, Y. I., Roe, C. M., Birge, S. J., & Morris, J. C. (2006) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000240986.74642.7c · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Lips, P. T. A. M., Dik, M. G., Deeg, D. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.508 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Jorde, R., Sneve, M., Figenschau, Y., Svartberg, J., & Waterloo, K. (2008) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02008.x · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Depression in the United States Household Population, 2005-2006
Pratt, L. A., & Brody, D. J. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565102009-001 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia
Armstrong, D., Meenagh, G., Bickle, I. C., Lee, A. S. H., Curran, E. S., & Finch, M. B. (2006) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0348-5 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk
Michos, E. D., & Melamed, M. L. (2008) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3282f2f4dd · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in depression
Berk, M., Sanders, K. M., Pasco, J. A., Jacka, F. N., Williams, L. J., Hayles, A. L., & Dodd, S. (2007) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.001 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Vitamin D Status and the Metabolic Syndrome
Martini, L. A., & Wood, R. J. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00180.x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Jorde, R., Waterloo, K. K., Saleh, F., Haug, E., & Svartberg, J. B. (2005) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0027-5 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Association between depressive symptoms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in middle-aged and elderly Chinese
Pan, A., Lu, L., Franco, O. H., Yu, Z., Li, H., & Lin, X. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Vitamin D in schizophrenia, major depression and alcoholism
Schneider, B., Weber, B., Frensch, A., Stein, J. M., & Fritze, J. (2000) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s007020070063 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Psychologic symptoms before and after parathyroid surgery
Solomon, B. L., Schaaf, M., & Smallridge, R. C. (1994) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(94)90128-7 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The PHQ-9 as a brief assessment of lifetime major depression.
Cannon, D. S., Tiffany, S. T., Coon, H. H., Scholand, M. B., McMahon, W. M., & Leppert, M. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.247 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Can vitamin D supplementation prevent winter-time blues? A randomised trial among older women.
Dumville, J. C., Miles, J. N. V., Porthouse, J., Cockayne, S., Saxon, L., & King, C. P. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Joborn, C., Hetta, J. E., Lind, L., et al. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Arvold, D. S., Odean, M. J., Dornfeld, M. P., Regal, R. R., Arvold, J. G., Karwoski, G. C., Mast, D. J., Sanford, P. B., & Sjoberg, R. J. (2009) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.15.3.203 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Intake of vitamin D and risk of breast cancer—A meta-analysis
Gissel, T., Rejnmark, L., Mosekilde, L., & Vestergaard, P. (2008) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.06.002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Some new food for thought: The role of vitamin D in the mental health of older adults
Cherniack, E. P., Troen, B. R., Florez, H. J., Roos, B. A., & Levis, S. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0003-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
New Onset of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in the Elderly: Possible Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Watson, L. C., & Marx, C. E. (2002) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.5.413 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Psychiatric Symptomatology in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Joborn, C., Hetta, J. E., Palmér, M., et al. (1986) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/03009738609178493 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Chiba, Y., Satoh, K., Satoshi, U. E. D. A., KANAZAWA, N., Tamura, Y., & HORIUCHI, T. (2007) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k06-152 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and All-Cause Mortality
Zittermann, A., & Grant, W. B. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.151 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gowda, U., Mutowo, M. P., Smith, B. J., Wluka, A. E., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.017 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Nguyen, T., Tsujiguchi, H., Kambayashi, Y., Hara, A., Miyagi, S., Yamada, Y., Nakamura, H., Shimizu, Y., Hori, D., Suzuki, F., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121319 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Yosaee, S., Soltani, S., Esteghamati, A., Motevalian, S. A., Tehrani-Doost, M., Clark, C. C. T., & Jazayeri, S. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.110601 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chen, L., Zhu, H., Harshfield, G. A., Treiber, F. A., Pollock, J. S., Pollock, D., Okereke, O. I., Su, S., & Dong, Y. (2020) · doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0008.v1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhao, G., Ford, E. S., Li, C., & Balluz, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Guixiang
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-07-20
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1696-1702
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2123642256
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, depression, vitamin D deficiency, major depressive disorder, minor depression, serum biomarkers, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Parathyroid Hormone, United States, Vitamin D, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
