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Skeletal muscle mass and quality: evolution of modern measurement concepts in the context of sarcopenia
Open accessAbstract
The first reports of accurate skeletal muscle mass measurement in human subjects appeared at about the same time as introduction of the sarcopenia concept in the late 1980s. Since then these methods, computed tomography and MRI, have been used to gain insights into older (i.e. anthropometry and urinary markers) and more recently developed and refined methods (ultrasound, bioimpedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) of quantifying regional and total body skeletal muscle mass. The objective of this review is to describe the evolution of these methods and their continued development in the context of sarcopenia evaluation and treatment. Advances in these technologies are described with a focus on additional quantifiable measures that relate to muscle composition and ‘quality’. The integration of these collective evaluations with strength and physical performance indices is highlighted with linkages to evaluation of sarcopenia and the spectrum of related disorders such as sarcopenic obesity, cachexia and frailty. Our findings show that currently available methods and those in development are capable of non-invasively extending measures from solely ‘mass’ to quality evaluations that promise to close the gaps now recognised between skeletal muscle mass and muscle function, morbidity and mortality. As the largest tissue compartment in most adults, skeletal muscle mass and aspects of muscle composition can now be evaluated by a wide array of technologies that provide important new research and clinical opportunities aligned with the growing interest in the spectrum of conditions associated with sarcopenia.
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“For DXA it includes cost issues, variability in tissue thickness, lean tissue hydration, lack of skeletal muscle quanti fi cation,. the overall skeletal muscle proportion of lean mass, and the inclusion of the non-muscle lean component that may reduce accuracy in persons with obesity and lead to discrepancies between body composition and functional parameters [84,119,120].”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement (2022) · cites this paper as [120]
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“Assessment of body composition (lean/muscle mass and fat mass) and muscle function can provide useful information to guide the clinical management of obesity.”
From Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [112]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Sayer, A. A., et al. (2019) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169 · Cited by 13,818
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Donini, L. M., Busetto, L., Bischoff, S. C., Cederholm, T., Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D., Batsis, J. A., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Dicker, D., et al. (2022) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000521241 · Cited by 1,019
Self-citationPitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: A need for a reference standard
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heymsfield, S. B., Gonzalez, M. C., Lu, J., Jia, G., & Zheng, J.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heymsfield, Steven B.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-04-08
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 355-366
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W2002911924
- Semantic Scholar
- 952a7bf2738462331c6d3830a04208ca3846d859
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, skeletal muscle mass, muscle quality, muscle composition, sarcopenic obesity, cachexia, frailty, muscle strength, physical performance, muscle mass assessment, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, anthropometry
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Physical Fitness, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia
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