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Cited by 149Schizophrenia research and treatmentHealth disparities and outcomesUrban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies

Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area

Kirkbride, J. B., Boydell, J., Ploubidis, G. B., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., McKenzie, K., Murray, R. M., Jones, P. B.·2008·Psychological Medicine
DOI 10.1017/s0033291707002085
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Abstract

Background: Social capital has been considered aetiologically important in schizophrenia but the empirical evidence to support this hypothesis is absent. We tested whether social capital, measured at the neighbourhood level, was associated with the incidence of schizophrenia (ICD-10 F20). Method: We administered a cross-sectional questionnaire on social capital to 5% of the adult population in 33 neighbourhoods (wards) in South London (n=16 459). The questionnaire contained items relating to two social capital constructs: social cohesion and trust (SC&T) and social disorganization (SocD). Schizophrenia incidence rates, estimated using data from the Aetiology and Ethnicity in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (AESOP) study, provided the outcome. We used multi-level Poisson regression to test our hypothesis while controlling for individual- and neighbourhood-level characteristics. Results: We identified 148 cases during 565 576 person-years at-risk. Twenty-six per cent of the variation in incidence rates was attributable to neighbourhood-level characteristics. Response from the social capital survey was 25.7%. The association between SC&T and schizophrenia was U-shaped. Compared with neighbourhoods with medial levels of SC&T, incidence rates were significantly higher in neighbourhoods with low [incidence rates ratio (IRR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–3.3] and high (IRR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3–4.8) levels of SC&T, independent of age, sex, ethnicity, ethnic density, ethnic fragmentation and socio-economic deprivation. Conclusion: Neighbourhood variation in SC&T was non-linearly associated with the incidence of schizophrenia within an urban area. Neighbourhoods with low SC&T may fail to mediate social stress whereas high SC&T neighbourhoods may have greater informal social control or may increase the risk of schizophrenia for residents excluded from accessing available social capital.

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  • Childhood adversity, and interpersonal trauma specifically, have been linked to the development of PEs, and there is evidence linking current adverse environments - characterized by racial discrimination, migrant status and low social capital - with psychosis.

    “Childhood adversity 25,26 , and interpersonal trauma specifically 27 , have been linked to the development of PEs, and there is evidence linking current adverse environments -characterized by racial discrimination 28 , migrant status 29 and low social capital 30 -with psychosis.”

    From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [30]

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Authors
Kirkbride, J. B., Boydell, J., Ploubidis, G. B., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., McKenzie, K., Murray, R. M., & Jones, P. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • King's College London (GB)
  • University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Kirkbride, J. B.
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Medicine
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2007-11-08
Volume
38
Issue
8
Pages
1083-1094
ISSN
  • 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8978
DOI
10.1017/s0033291707002085
OpenAlex
W2135546289
Cited by
149
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
FWCI
4.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
  • LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Stanley Medical Research Institute
  • Wellcome Trust
  • Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
Keywords
schizophrenia incidence, social capital, social cohesion, social trust, social disorganization, neighbourhood variation, urban neighborhoods, social stress, informal social control, ethnic fragmentation, socioeconomic deprivation, South London
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Catchment Area, Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schizophrenia, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Incidence, Prevalence

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