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The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: an integrative review
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We present an integrative review of the development of child anxiety, drawing on a number of strands of research. Family aggregation and genetic studies indicate raised vulnerability to anxiety in offspring of adults with the disorder (e.g. the temperamental style of behavioural inhibition, or information processing biases). Environmental factors are also important; these include adverse life events and exposure to negative information or modelling. Parents are likely to be key, although not unique, sources of such influences, particularly if they are anxious themselves. Some parenting behaviours associated with child anxiety, such as overprotection, may be elicited by child characteristics, especially in the context of parental anxiety, and these may serve to maintain child disorder. Emerging evidence emphasizes the importance of taking the nature of child and parental anxiety into account, of constructing assessments and interventions that are both disorder specific, and of considering bidirectional influences.
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“Indeed, overinvolved/controlling parenting and low parental warmth are associated with the development and course of anxiety symptoms and phobias, including greater distress and avoidance behaviours in children (Kane et al., 2015; Murray et al., 2009; Ollendick & Horsch, 2007).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Murray et al., 2009
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“This study extends upon the current literature by considering and comparing the combinations of pathways, including direct and indirect combined and both indirect pathways combined, which are hypothesised to occur naturally during daily interactions (King et al., 1998; Murray et al., 2009); including all reported phobia subtypes; and addressing some of the methodological limitations of previous re”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Murray et al., 2009
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“As such, there may be a stronger familial transmission of parent to child vulnerability within this subsample, whereby anxious parents are communicating more threat related information and modelling more avoidance, as is seen in the familial transmission of anxiety more generally (Murray et al., 2009).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Murray et al., 2009
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“These fi ndings may contribute to wider research contemplating the direction of effects between parenting styles and childhood anxiety, whether parenting practices arise from parents ' own anxieties, child symptoms, or the interaction of both (Murray et al., 2009).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Murray et al., 2009
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“Taken together with wider previous research linking parental overcontrol/overinvolvement with anxious children (Murray et al., 2009), these fi ndings indicate that parenting styles speci fi cally may be less implicated in the development of phobias in very young children, and more implicated in their maintenance.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Murray et al., 2009
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Pérez, V. R., Alcázar-Olán, R. J., & Morales, R. F. (2020) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.33881/2027-1786.rip.13201 · Cited by 1
Features of The Family Context in the Emergence of Anxiety in Adolesence
Hasanova, G. (2020) · Propósitos y Representaciones · doi:10.20511/pyr2020.v8nspe3.783 · Cited by 1
Parents with Psychiatric Conditions
Yamane, K., Yamashita, H., Katsuki, D., & Yoshida, K. (2020) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2348-4_24 · Cited by 1
Ali, N. A., Feroz, A. S., Akber, N., & Khoja, A. A. (2023) · Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research · doi:10.1108/agjsr-12-2022-0309 · Cited by 2
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Childhood Anxiety: Examining a Parent Consultation Model
Smith, A. (2013) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-smith-allison-2013 · Cited by 1
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Gampelaere, C. V. (2020) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Murray, L., Creswell, C., & Cooper, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Murray, L.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-02-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1413-1423
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2090369782
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety disorders, familial aggregation, genetic susceptibility, behavioral inhibition, information processing biases, life events, parental anxiety, parenting behaviour, overprotection, assessment and intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Anxiety Disorders, Arousal, Child, Disease Models, Animal, Epistasis, Genetic, Humans, Life Change Events, Macaca mulatta, Models, Psychological, Phenotype, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Parenting, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
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