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Cited by 676COVID-19 and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumStudent Stress and Coping

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Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study

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Shanahan, Lilly, Steinhoff, Annekatrin, Bechtiger, Laura, Murray, Aja L., Nivette, Amy, Hepp, Urs, Ribeaud, Denis, Eisner, Manuel·2022·Psychological Medicine
DOI 10.1017/s003329172000241xPMC PMC7338432
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Abstract

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown could be considered a ‘perfect storm’ for increases in emotional distress. Such increases can only be identified by studies that use data collected before and during the pandemic. Longitudinal data are also needed to examine (1) the roles of previous distress and stressors in emotional distress during the pandemic and (2) how COVID-19-related stressors and coping strategies are associated with emotional distress when pre-pandemic distress is accounted for. Methods: Data came from a cohort study ( N = 768). Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22. Previous distress and stressors were measured before COVID-19 (at age 20). Results: On average, participants showed increased levels of perceived stress and anger (but not internalizing symptoms) during the pandemic compared to before. Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions) and hopelessness, and pre-pandemic social stressors (e.g. bullying victimization and stressful life events). Most health risks to self or loved ones due to COVID-19 were not uniquely associated with emotional distress in final models. Coping strategies associated with reduced distress included keeping a daily routine, physical activity, and positive reappraisal/reframing. Conclusions: In our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposures.

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  1. Eisner, 2011, The SAGE handbook of criminological research methods, 410
  2. Veer, I. , Riepenhausen, A. , Zerban, M. , Wackerhagen, C. , Engen, H. , Puhlmann, L. , … Kalisch, R. (2020). Mental resilience in the Corona lockdown: First empirical insights from Europe. preprint. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com/4z62t
  3. Muthén, 2012, Mplus user's guide

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Metadata

Authors
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • University of Edinburgh (GB)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Integrierte Psychiatrie Winterthur (CH)
Corresponding author
Shanahan, Lilly
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Medicine
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2020-06-23
Volume
52
Issue
5
Pages
824-833
ISSN
  • 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8978
DOI
10.1017/s003329172000241x
PMC
PMC7338432
OpenAlex
W3036964275
Cited by
675
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 213 · 2020: 34
FWCI
53.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Keywords
COVID-19 pandemic, emotional distress, young adults, perceived stress, internalizing problems, anger, coping strategies, hopelessness, economic stressors, psychosocial stressors, bullying victimization, life events, lockdown, resilience, positive reappraisal
MeSH terms
Psychological Distress, COVID-19, Adult, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Pandemics

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