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The Phytolith14C Puzzle: A Tale of Background Determinations and Accuracy Tests
Open accessAbstract
Over the past decades, analysis of occluded carbon in phytoliths (opaline silica mineral bodies that form in and between plant cells) has become a workhorse of paleoclimate and archaeological studies. Since different plant types exhibit distinctive phytolith morphologies, their assemblages are used in identifying vegetation histories or food culture adaptations. A few direct radiocarbon AMS measurements of phytoliths have been carried out, but these measurements are difficult due to the low concentrations of phytoliths in some plant species, and the small amount of C per phytolith (<2%). In addition, no phytoliths samples of a known 14 C age are available to verify measurement accuracy and precision, and to check sample preparation protocols. Background corrections are also difficult to address due to the lack of suitable material. In this work, we designed a procedure to quantify a suitable blank using SiO 2 powder samples (close to the opal structure, and free of 14 C). The full phytolith extraction showed high carbon contamination components: a) ∼3 μg of modern C and ∼2 μg of dead C. We also performed accuracy tests on large phytolith-occluded carbon samples extracted from soils and harvested plants. The unexpected 14 C ages in some of the results triggered further investigations of possible sources of carbon contamination.
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“However, procedural blanks in environmental samples that are subjected to complex extraction/isolation procedures before conversion to CO 2 and graphite are normally larger than those arising during these latter processes (Hwang et al. 2005; Beaupré et al. 2007; Santos et al. 2010), and become even more critical when samples are small (<0.100 mg C).”
From Blank Assessment for Ultra-Small Radiocarbon Samples: Chemical Extraction and Separation Versus AMS (2010) · cites this paper as Santos et al. 2010
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“Santos et al. (2007a) developed formulas to correct the MC and DC contributions separately from unknown samples as small as ~0.001 mg C (Santos et al. 2007c, 2010).”
From Blank Assessment for Ultra-Small Radiocarbon Samples: Chemical Extraction and Separation Versus AMS (2010) · cites this paper as Santos et al. 2010
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“The Keck Carbon Cycle AMS facility at the University of California, Irvine (KCCAMS/UCI) has demonstrated the analytical capability to accurately measure the 14 C content of graphite samples far smaller than 0.100 mg C (Santos et al. 2007a,c, 2010).”
From Blank Assessment for Ultra-Small Radiocarbon Samples: Chemical Extraction and Separation Versus AMS (2010) · cites this paper as Santos et al. 2007a,c, 2010
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“Although we can produce and measure samples ~0.001 mg C (Santos et al. 2010), for conventional 14 C analyses we only report results from outside samples 0.015 mg C.”
From Blank Assessment for Ultra-Small Radiocarbon Samples: Chemical Extraction and Separation Versus AMS (2010) · cites this paper as Santos et al. 2010
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Metadata
- Authors
- Santos, G. M., Alexandre, A., Coe, H. H. G., Reyerson, P. E., Southon, J. R., & De Carvalho, C. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Santos, Guaciara M
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-128
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W2137234119
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL AMU (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- University of California, Riverside
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Silicon Effects in Agriculture
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- phytoliths, radiocarbon dating, AMS radiocarbon dating, background correction, carbon contamination, dead carbon, SiO2 powder, measurement accuracy, vegetation history, food culture
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