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‘In this Chambered Tumulus were Found Cleft Skulls …’: an Assessment of the Evidence for Cranial Trauma in the British Neolithic

Schulting, Rick J., Wysocki, Michael·2005·Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
DOI 10.1017/s0079497x00000979
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Abstract

Interpersonal violence is a powerful expression of human social interaction. Yet a consideration of violence in the past has done relatively little to inform our discussions of the British Neolithic. Here, we present the results of an examination of some 350 earlier Neolithic crania from mainly southern Britain. Of these, 31 show healed or unhealed injuries suggestive of interpersonal violence. We suggest a conservative estimate of 2% fatal cranial injuries, and 4 or 5% healed injuries. These data are used as a platform to discuss possible contexts for, and consequences of, violence. We argue that, regardless of its actual prevalance, the reality or the threat of interpersonal violence can have an important affect on both the behaviour of individuals and the structure of society.

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  • The Neolithic period is increasingly recognised as one marked by conflict and instability, driven by profound social and demographic transformations linked to the shift from foraging to farming.

    “This period is increasingly recognised as one marked by conflict and instability, driven by profound social and demographic transformations linked to the shift from foraging to farming.”

    From Evidence of neolithic cannibalism among farming communities at El Mirador cave, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain (2025) · cites this paper as [66]

    The Introduction argues that violence in the British Neolithic has been underappreciated. ‘Motivation and violent performances’ links possible conflict to farming’s constraints on mobility and to an increasingly populated landscape, but presents these as possibilities rather than establishing that profound social and demographic transformations drove conflict throughout the Neolithic. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • High population pressure, competition over resources, and interactions between indigenous Mesolithic groups and incoming Neolithic farming communities often resulted in violent confrontations of varying scale.

    “High population pressure, competition over resources, and interactions between indigenous Mesolithic groups and incoming Neolithic farming communities often resulted in violent confrontations of varying scale59,60]65–68.”

    From Evidence of neolithic cannibalism among farming communities at El Mirador cave, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain (2025) · cites this paper as [66]

    The “Motivation and violent performances” section (page unavailable) suggests that an increasingly populated landscape and disputes over ownership and use-rights could contribute to conflict, including normally small-scale raiding. It does not establish that these pressures often resulted in violence or link that violence to encounters between indigenous Mesolithic groups and incoming Neolithic farmers. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

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Authors
Schulting, R. J., & Wysocki, M.
Affiliations
  • Queen's University Belfast (GB)
  • University of Lancashire (GB)
ORCID
Schulting, Rick J.
Venue
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2005
Volume
71
Pages
107-138
ISSN
  • 0079-497X (ISSN-L)
  • 2050-2729
DOI
10.1017/s0079497x00000979
OpenAlex
W1997655198
Cited by
61
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
FWCI
19.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 3335 d)
Locations
  • Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (publishedVersion)
  • CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Archaeological and Geological Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords
cranial trauma, interpersonal violence, British Neolithic, southern Britain, social structure

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