The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
INTERPRETING RECASTS AS LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE: The Roles of Linguistic Target, Length, and Degree of Change
Abstract
Researchers have claimed that recasts might be ambiguous as feedback. Because recasts serve a dual function, as both feedback and conversational response, learners might not always interpret them as feedback (e.g., Lyster & Ranta, 1997). This study explores how learners interpret recasts they notice (as responses to content, negative evidence, positive evidence, or a combination of negative and positive evidence) and how recast features (linguistic targets, length, number of changes) might affect their interpretations. Forty-nine learners of Japanese engaged in task-based activities during which they received recasts of morphosyntactic and lexical errors. When learners noticed recasts, they occasionally interpreted them as responses to content, particularly when recasts were long and substantially different from their problematic utterances. In contrast, learners were significantly more likely to attend to the linguistic evidence in recasts when these were short and closely resembled the original utterances. These patterns were generally observed for both morphosyntactic and lexical recasts. Results suggest that length and number of changes might, in part, determine the explicitness of recasts as feedback and thus affect learners' abilities to interpret them as such.I am grateful to Alison Mackey, Helen Carpenter, and Ana-Maria Nuevo for their insightful suggestions on an earlier version of this article. I also would like to thank Alison Mackey, Ronald Leow, and Noriko Iwashita for their valuable feedback on the dissertation research on which this study is based, the anonymous SSLA reviewers for their thoughtful suggestions, and Brian Marx for his statistical advice. Any errors, of course, are my own. This research was supported in part by a dissertation improvement grant from the National Science Foundation (grant No. 0214188).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Mackey, Gass & McDonough's (2000) stimulated recall data showed that feedback that was intended to correct lexical, semantic, and phonological errors was perceived more accurately than feedback targeting morphosyntactic errors (see also Egi 2007).”
From Interaction and instructed second language acquisition (2018) · cites this paper as Egi 2007
In the citing paper
“There is clear evidence that learners do notice the corrections their receive even in implicit types of CF such as recasts (Egi, 2007)”
From Focus on form: A critical review (2016) · cites this paper as Egi, 2007
In the citing paper
“The extent to which learners notice those forms that are focussed on during communicative interactions varies according to a number of factors such as whether the form receiving the focus is relevant to the learners' communicative needs (J.Williams, 2001) and the discoursal characteristics of specific focus on form options, in particular their level of explicitness (Egi, 2007).”
From Focus on form: A critical review (2016) · cites this paper as Egi, 2007
Citations
Cites
Grice, H. P. (1975) · Speech Acts · doi:10.1163/9789004368811_003 · Cited by 23,221
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 · Cited by 17,563
The Role of the Linguistic Environment in Second Language Acquisition
Long, M. H. (1996) · Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1016/b978-012589042-7/50015-3 · Cited by 3,927
A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning
Garcia, P., & Skehan, P. (1999) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587891 · Cited by 3,489
CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK AND LEARNER UPTAKE: Negotiation of Form in Communicative Classrooms
Lyster, R., & Ranta, L. (1997) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263197001034 · Cited by 2,629 · cited 8×
“The claim about the ambiguity of recasts initially emerged from descriptive analyses of communicative classrooms, where the primary focus was on meaning+ For example, Lyster ~1998a! suggested that recasts might have been ambiguous to L2 learners in French immersion classrooms in which teachers provided both corrective…”
BackgroundInfluentialCowan, N. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.2.163 · Cited by 1,918
Cognition and Second Language Instruction
Robinson, P. J. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139524780 · Cited by 1,776
The Analysis of Residuals in Cross-Classified Tables
Haberman, S. J. (1973) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529686 · Cited by 1,028
Stimulated Recall Methodology in Second Language Research
Gass, S. M., Gass, S. M., Mackey, A., & Mackey, A. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606006 · Cited by 969
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 10.1017/S0272263100004022__S0272263100004010 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0272263197001034__S0272263197001034 · DOI
- 10.1017/S027226319800103X__S027226319800103X · DOI
- 10.1017/S027226310606027X__S027226310606027X · DOI
- 10.1017/S0272263197002027__S0272263197002027 · DOI
- Yamamoto, 1996, Proceedings of the Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, 20, 849
- 10.1080/027249899391089 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oral corrective feedback in second language classrooms
Lyster, R., Saito, K., & Sato, M. (2013) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444812000365 · Cited by 741
Ellis, R. (2010) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263109990544 · Cited by 479
Focus on form: A critical review
Ellis, R. (2016) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168816628627 · Cited by 417
Interaction and instructed second language acquisition
Loewen, S., & Sato, M. (2018) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444818000125 · Cited by 377
Recasts, language anxiety, modified output, and L2 learning
Sheen, Y. (2008) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00480.x · Cited by 330
Task-based language teaching theory and practice
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2020) · Cited by 284
Shintani, N., & Ellis, R. (2013) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2013.03.011 · Cited by 278
THE CASE AGAINST THE CASE AGAINST RECASTS
Goo, J., & Mackey, A. (2013) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263112000708 · Cited by 271
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF ORAL AND WRITTEN CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK IN THE ESL CLASSROOM
Sheen, Y. (2010) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263109990507 · Cited by 290
PEER INTERACTION AND CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK FOR ACCURACY AND FLUENCY DEVELOPMENT
Sato, M., & Lyster, R. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263112000356 · Cited by 298
Prompts Versus Recasts in Dyadic Interaction
Lyster, R., & Izquierdo, J. (2009) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00512.x · Cited by 268
CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK AND WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY IN INTERACTION-DRIVEN L2 LEARNING
Goo, J. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263112000149 · Cited by 257
Task-Based Language Teaching: Theory and Practice
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108643689 · Cited by 407
Effects of Recasts and Elicitations in Dyadic Interaction and the Role of Feedback Explicitness
Nassaji, H. (2009) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00511.x · Cited by 249
Nassaji, H. (2016) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168816644940 · Cited by 239
Uptake, Modified Output, and Learner Perceptions of Recasts: Learner Responses as Language Awareness
Egi, T. (2010) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00980.x · Cited by 193
Self-citationYang, Y., & Lyster, R. (2010) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263109990519 · Cited by 344
Eye tracking as a measure of noticing: A study of explicit recasts in SCMC
Smith, B. (2012) · Language Learning & Technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44300 · Cited by 177
THE INTERSECTION OF TASK-BASED INTERACTION, TASK COMPLEXITY, AND WORKING MEMORY
Kim, Y., Payant, C., & Pearson, P. (2015) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263114000618 · Cited by 169
The Asian EFL Journal Quarterly
Bernat, E. (2010) · Cited by 156
Yılmaz, Y. (2013) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2013.07.020 · Cited by 109
Raising language awareness in peer interaction: a cross-context, cross-methodology examination
Sato, M., & Ballinger, S. (2012) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2011.639884 · Cited by 111
The Effectiveness of Extensive Versus Intensive Recasts for Learning L2 Grammar
Nassaji, H. (2017) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12387 · Cited by 83
Teachers' Intentions and Learners' Perceptions about Corrective Feedback in the L2 Classroom
Mackey, A., Al-Khalil, M., Atanassova, G., Hama, M., Logan‐Terry, A., & Nakatsukasa, K. (2007) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.2167/illt047.0 · Cited by 77
Fu, T., & Nassaji, H. (2016) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.1.8 · Cited by 82
VAN DE GUCHTE, M., BRAAKSMA, M., RIJLAARSDAM, G., & BIMMEL, P. (2015) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12211 · Cited by 75
Raising teachers’ awareness about corrective feedback through research replication
Vásquez, C., & Harvey, J. (2010) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168810375365 · Cited by 74
Implicit and Explicit Recasts in L2 Oral French Interaction
Erlam, R., & Loewen, S. (2010) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.66.6.877 · Cited by 71
Rouhshad, A., Wigglesworth, G., & Storch, N. (2015) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168815584455 · Cited by 78
THE ROLE OF EXPOSURE CONDITION IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPLICIT CORRECTION
Yılmaz, Y. (2015) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263115000212 · Cited by 59
Effects of communication mode and salience on recasts: A first exposure study
Yılmaz, Y., & Yüksel, D. (2011) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168811412873 · Cited by 59
Assessing the effectiveness of interactional feedback for L2 acquisition: Issues and challenges
Nassaji, H. (2020) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444819000375 · Cited by 53
Sheppard, C., & Ellis, R. (2018) · Task-Based Language Teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.11.07she · Cited by 19
Planning, Recasts, and Learning of L2 Morphology
Романова, Н. В. (2010) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.66.6.843 · Cited by 36
The impact of peer corrective feedback on vocabulary development
Sippel, L. (2019) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/flan.12416 · Cited by 37
Bao, M., Egi, T., & Han, Y. (2011) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2011.05.001 · Cited by 32
Self-citationZhao, Y. (2015) · ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) · Cited by 32
Sato, M. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 28
Yılmaz, Y., & Grañena, G. (2019) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12587 · Cited by 29
Recasts vs. direct corrective feedback on writing performance of high school EFL learners
Banaruee, H., Khatin‐Zadeh, O., & Ruegg, R. (2018) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2018.1455333 · Cited by 26
The comparative effectiveness of recasts and prompts in second language classrooms
Ding, T. (2012) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.1428 · Cited by 26
Oral Corrective Feedback: A Question of Classification and Application
Sarandi, H. (2016) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.285 · Cited by 23
Explicit and Implicit Oral Corrective Feedback
Ellis, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108589789.017 · Cited by 21
On Written Corrective Feedback in L2 Writing
Shao, X. (2015) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v8n3p155 · Cited by 20
Vehkakoski, T. M. (2010) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/13502931003784446 · Cited by 17
Valeo, A. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 17
Language awareness in a content-based language programme
Valeo, A. (2012) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2012.666247 · Cited by 20
Recasts and output-only prompts, individual learner factors and short-term EFL learning
Li, H. (2018) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2018.05.004 · Cited by 17
Descriptions of second language interaction: Toward descriptive adequacy
Lee, Y. (2013) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.12041.x · Cited by 18
del Puerto, F. G., & Martínez‐Adrián, M. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7040306 · Cited by 15
Corrective Feedback and Language Anxiety in L2 Processing and Achievement
Jang, S.-S. (2011) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.66.2.201106.73 · Cited by 13
Corrective feedback and working memory capacity
Goo, J. (2016) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.3.13goo · Cited by 12
The role of language analytic ability in the effectiveness of different feedback timing conditions
Arroyo, D. C., & Yılmaz, Y. (2017) · AILA applied linguistics series · doi:10.1075/aals.16.04arr · Cited by 12
McDonough, K., Trofimovich, P., Dao, P., & Abashidze, D. (2018) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444818000368 · Cited by 12
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.010 · Cited by 11
Investigating Learner Engagement with Oral Corrective Feedback: Aims, Methodology, Outcomes
Pawlak, M. (2013) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00461-7_5 · Cited by 10
Sun, S. H. (2013) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 11
Enseignement centré sur la forme et acquisition du genre grammatical en français L2
Lyster, R. (2010) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · Cited by 9
DO RECASTS PROMOTE NOTICING THE GAP IN L2 LEARNING
Sakai, H. (2011) · Cited by 9
Working Memory and Corrective Recasts in L2 Oral Production
Zhao, Y. (2014) · Asian Journal of English Language Teaching · doi:10.65961/ajelt-2013-1-004 · Cited by 8
Investigating Teacher Reformulations in EFL Classroom Interaction: An Ecological Perspective
Long, Z., & Xu, J. (2023) · Journal of Language Identity & Education · doi:10.1080/15348458.2023.2187808 · Cited by 7
Effects of Negative and Positive Evidence on Adult Word Learning
Strapp, C. M., Helmick, A. L., Tonkovich, H. M., & Bleakney, D. M. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00619.x · Cited by 7
Explicit knowledge and learning in SLA
Roehr, K. (2010) · AILA Review · doi:10.1075/aila.23.02roe · Cited by 7
The Impact of Recasts on the Syntactic Accuracy of Iranian EFL University Students’ Oral Discourse
Maftoon, P., & Kolahi, S. (2009) · Cited by 6
ORAL CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK IN EFL/ESL CLASSROOMS: CLASSIFICATION MODELS
Hạnh, P. T. H., & Tho, P. X. (2018) · VNU Journal of Foreign Studies · doi:10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4301 · Cited by 7
Ioannou, S., & Tsagari, D. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7010040 · Cited by 7
Implicit Versus Explicit Feedback in Classroom: An Experimental Study
Shirazi, Z. R. H., & Sadighi, F. (2012) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.4304/jltr.3.3.439-445 · Cited by 6
Corrective Feedback and the Development of Second Language Vocabulary
Kamiya, N., & Nakata, T. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108589789.019 · Cited by 7
Student engagement with oral feedback on second language learning: A methodological review
Liu, J., & Su, W. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103752 · Cited by 6
Recast or Prompt: Which One Does the Trick?
Jafarigohar, M., & Gharbavi, A. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.470 · Cited by 7
Types of Information in Written Corrective Feedback and Its Efficacy on L2 Acquisition
Jang, S.-S. (2012) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.67.3.201209.3 · Cited by 5
Methodology of Task-Based Language Teaching
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.013 · Cited by 6
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.009 · Cited by 5
Types of Recasts and Learners' Uptake
Asari, Y. (2012) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4
Chen, X. (2013) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 4
Ghahari, S., & Piruznejad, M. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22054/ilt.2017.8058 · Cited by 4
Goo, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333603.011 · Cited by 4
Cognitive Theoretical Perspectives of Corrective Feedback
Leow, R. P., & Driver, M. Y. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108589789.004 · Cited by 8
What characteristics of recasts facilitate accurate perception when overheard by true beginners?
Kamiya, N. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211057529 · Cited by 4
Jiang, L., & Yi, H. (2014) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v4n6p124 · Cited by 4
Attention, Awareness, and Noticing in SLA: A Methodological Review
Ahn, J. (2014) · Cited by 4
Yousefi, M. H., & Biria, R. (2011) · Cited by 4
Long, M. H., Grañena, G., & Yılmaz, Y. (2016) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004323865 · Cited by 4
Cognitive-Interactionist Perspectives
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.006 · Cited by 3
Attitudinal bias, individual differences, and second language speakers’ interactional performance
Trofimovich, P., McDonough, K., Dao, P., & Abashidze, D. (2019) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2019-0010 · Cited by 3
Recasts, prompts and noticing: A comparative study
Chin, C. S., Pillai, S., & Zainuddin, S. Z. (2021) · Studies in English Language and Education · doi:10.24815/siele.v8i2.18546 · Cited by 4
Corrective feedback and working memory capacity: A replication
Goo, J. (2016) · Cited by 3
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.012 · Cited by 3
Evaluating Task-Based Language Teaching
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.017 · Cited by 2
Ke, Y., & Zhou, X. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01977-2 · Cited by 2
Pawlak, M., & Tomczyk, E. (2013) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35305-5_8 · Cited by 3
Effectiveness of implicit negative feedback in a foreign language classroom
Mifka‐Profozic, N. (2014) · EUROSLA Yearbook · doi:10.1075/eurosla.14.05mif · Cited by 3
On-Time and Immediate Recasts, Aptitude and L2 Accuracy
Rouhi, A., & Hassanpour, A. (2010) · Cited by 2
Asari, Y. (2012) · Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics · Cited by 2
The Pedagogic Background to Task-Based Language Teaching
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.004 · Cited by 3
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.007 · Cited by 2
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.008 · Cited by 3
Mifka‐Profozic, N. (2020) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2019-0149 · Cited by 4
Lee, H. (2008) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-16587 · Cited by 2
Atanassova, G. (2012) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Egi, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Egi, Takako
- Venue
- Studies in Second Language Acquisition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-10-23
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 04
- ISSN
- 0272-2631 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-1545
- OpenAlex
- W2083460519
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 57.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Studies in Second Language Acquisition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Keywords
- recasts, explicit feedback, negative evidence, positive evidence, morphosyntactic errors, lexical errors, task-based language learning, Japanese as a second language, conversational responses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review