The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression
Abstract
The focus of this article is on internalizing problems that are experienced by children and adolescents. We provide an historical perspective, selectively examine the current state of knowledge, consider advances and gaps in what is known, and identify new research directions. Diagnosis, epidemiology, theory, and research first are considered separately for anxiety and depressive disorders. These internalizing problems, however, whether clinical or subclinical, share many common features and show high comorbidity rates. We emphasize the importance of systematic analysis of comorbid anxiety and depression, including their comorbidity with externalizing problems. This could lead to more valid classification of subtypes of internalizing problems and further an understanding of the diverse conditions that constitute internalized distress. We highlight the need to study anxiety and depression within a developmental psychopathology framework, as well as to include both categorical and dimensional assessments of these problems in the same research designs. This will be essential for understanding the complex interplay of biological and environmental processes that contribute to the emergence, progression, and amelioration of internalizing problems over time.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Gray, J. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00013066 · Cited by 4,477
Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years, Part I
BIRMAHER, B., RYAN, N. D., WILLIAMSON, D. E., BRENT, D. A., KAUFMAN, J., DAHL, R. E., PEREL, J., & NELSON, B. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011 · Cited by 2,076
Conditioned emotional reactions.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0069608 · Cited by 2,005 · cited 1×
“There is a famil-cific phobia (Watson & Rayner, 1920).”
BackgroundComorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders
Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 · Cited by 1,573
The conditioning theory of fearacquisition: A critical examination
Rachman, S. (1977) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(77)90041-9 · Cited by 1,191 · cited 1×
“Several theorists (e.g., Rachman, 1977; Seligman, ial pattern seen in the pathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders.”
BackgroundDevelopmental psychiatry comes of age
(1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.1.1 · Cited by 978
Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Same Genes, (Partly) Different Environments?
Kendler, K. S. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090044008 · Cited by 773
Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood
SCHWARTZ, C. E., SNIDMAN, N., & KAGAN, J. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199908000-00017 · Cited by 758
Cited by
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence
WOODWARD, L. J., & FERGUSSON, D. M. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200109000-00018 · Cited by 1,051
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after
Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034733 · Cited by 1,028
Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Caspi, A., Kim-Cohen, J., Goldberg, D., Gregory, A. M., & Poulton, R. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.651 · Cited by 41
Age of onset of child maltreatment predicts long-term mental health outcomes
Kaplow, J. B., & Widom, C. S. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.176 · Cited by 639
Metadata
- Authors
- ZAHN–WAXLER, C., KLIMES–DOUGAN, B., & SLATTERY, M. J.
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 443-466
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2102614687
- Cited by
- 808
- References
- 18
- FWCI
- 11.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/s0954579400003102
- The paper
- ZAHN–WAXLER, C., KLIMES–DOUGAN, B., & SLATTERY, M. J. (2000). Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400003102
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
