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Cited by 2,076Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentTreatment of Major DepressionMental Health Treatment and Access

Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years, Part I

BIRMAHER, BORIS, RYAN, NEAL D., WILLIAMSON, DOUGLAS E., BRENT, DAVID A., KAUFMAN, JOAN, DAHL, RONALD E., PEREL, JAMES, NELSON, BEVERLY·1996·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DOI 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011
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Abstract

Objective To qualitatively review the literature of the past decade covering the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, natural course, biology, and other correlates of early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymic disorder (DD).Method A computerized search for articles published during the past 10 years was made and selected studies are presented.Results Early-onset MDD and DD are frequent, recurrent, and familial disorders that tend to continue into adulthood, and they are frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders. These disorders are usually associated with poor psychosocial and academic outcome and increased risk for substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and suicide. In addition, DD increases the risk for MDD. There is a secular increase in the prevalence of MDD, and it appears that MDD is occurring at an earlier age in successive cohorts. Several genetic, familial, demographic, psychosocial, cognitive, and biological correlates of onset and course of early-onset depression have been identified. Few studies, however, have examined the combined effects of these correlates.Conclusions Considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of early-onset depression. Nevertheless, further research is needed in understanding the pathogenesis of childhood mood disorders. Toward this end, studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms and interrelationships among the different domains of risk factors are needed.

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Crossref · 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011

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Authors
BIRMAHER, B., RYAN, N. D., WILLIAMSON, D. E., BRENT, D. A., KAUFMAN, J., DAHL, R. E., PEREL, J., & NELSON, B.
Affiliations
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
BIRMAHER, BORIS
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1996-11
Volume
35
Issue
11
Pages
1427-1439
ISSN
0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011
OpenAlex
W2040053981
Cited by
2,076
References
265
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 117 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 89
FWCI
12.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
NIMH (MH46894)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
childhood depression, adolescent depression, dysthymia, familial recurrence, psychiatric comorbidity, substance abuse, bipolar disorder, suicide risk, risk factors, pathogenesis, psychosocial outcomes, educational outcomes
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Personality Assessment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sampling Studies, Comorbidity

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