The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Effects of early stress on brain structure and function: Implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression
Abstract
Child abuse is associated with markedly elevated rates of major depression (MDD) in child, adolescentt, and adult cohorts. This article reviews preclinical (e.g., animal) studies of the effects of early stress and studies of the neurobiological correlates of MDD in adults and children, and it highlights differences in the neurobiological correlates of MDD and stress at various developmental stages. The preclinical studies demonstrate that stress early in life can alter the development multiple neurotransmitter systems and promote structural and functional alterations in brain regions similar to those seen in adults with depression. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest, however, that long-term neurobiological changes associated with early stress can be modified by familial/genetic factors, the quality of the subsequent caregiving environment, and pharmacological interventions. Little is known about how developmental factors interact with experiences of early stress and these other modifying factors. Moreover, in cases of child maltreatment, the effects of early abuse are often exacerbated by failures in the child protection system and repeat out-of-home placements. Given the number of factors that impact on the long-term outcome of maltreated children, multidisciplinary research efforts are recommended to address this problem-with foci that span from neurobiology to social policy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a strong association with maltreatment, especially among female individuals (4,6,7).”
From Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project (2009) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nock, M. K. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258 · Cited by 1,550
Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?
Andersen, S. L. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00005-8 · Cited by 1,503
“While not reviewed comprehensively here, stress also significantly impacts developmental trajectories that are involved in various psychiatric disorders [2], including schizophrenia, depression, drug abuse, and a myriad of other psychiatric disorders [109].”
BackgroundWhy Do People Hurt Themselves?
Nock, M. K. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x · Cited by 1,245
“For instance, childhood maltreatment is associated with subsequent neurobiological abnormalities characterized by reduced activity in the frontal cortex and an increased stress response (e.g., Kaufman & Charney, 2001).”
BackgroundTeicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957 · Cited by 1,050
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029 · Cited by 861
Metadata
- Authors
- KAUFMAN, J., & CHARNEY, D.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 451-471
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2067313498
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- early life stress, child abuse, major depressive disorder, brain structure, brain function, developmental stages, neurotransmitter systems, care environment, genetic factors, pharmacological interventions, child protection system, out-of-home placement, animal models of stress
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Age Factors, Atrophy, Brain, Child, Child Abuse, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Hypothalamus, Neural Inhibition, Neurons, Norepinephrine, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
