Cited by 405Child Abuse and TraumaStress Responses and CortisolPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

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Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse

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Trickett, Penelope K., Noll, Jennie G., Susman, Elizabeth J., Shenk, Chad E., Putnam, Frank W.·2010·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579409990332PMC PMC3100742

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Abstract

Inconsistencies exist in literature examining hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity in children and adults who have experienced childhood abuse. Hence, the extent and manner to which childhood abuse may disrupt HPA axis development is largely unknown. To address these inconsistencies, the developmental course of nonstress cortisol in a long-term longitudinal study was assessed at six time points from childhood through adolescence and into young adulthood to determine whether childhood abuse results in disrupted cortisol activity. Nonstress, morning cortisol was measured in 84 females with confirmed familial sexual abuse and 89 nonabused, comparison females. Although dynamically controlling for co-occurring depression and anxiety, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) showed that relative to comparison females, the linear trend for abused females was significantly less steep when cortisol was examined across development from age 6 to age 30, t (1, 180) = −2.55, p < .01, indicating attenuation in cortisol activity starting in adolescence with significantly lower levels of cortisol by early adulthood, F (1, 162) = 4.78, p < .01. As a more direct test of the attenuation hypothesis, supplemental HLM analyses of data arrayed by time since the disclosure of abuse indicated that cortisol activity was initially significantly higher, t (1, 425) = 2.18, p < .05, and slopes were significantly less steep t (1, 205) = −2.66, p < .01, for abused females. These findings demonstrate how the experience of childhood abuse might disrupt the neurobiology of stress, providing some support for the attenuation hypothesis that victims of abuse may experience cortisol hyposecretion subsequent to a period of heightened secretion.

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Intervention Approaches
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References
(2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653510.013
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An Introduction to Affectionate Communication
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Index
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Koopmans, Y., Nelemans, S. A., Bijttebier, P., Bosmans, G., Noortgate, W. V. D., Leeuwen, K. G. V., & Goossens, L. (2026) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70190

Authors: Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., Susman, E. J., Shenk, C. E., & Putnam, F. W.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: Noll, Jennie G.
ORCID: Noll, Jennie G.
Shenk, Chad E.
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2010-01-26
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 165-175
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579409990332
PMC: PMC3100742
OpenAlex: W2004745276
Cited by: 405
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 28.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH048330)
National Cancer Institute (ACYF 90CA1686L)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK063929)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03HD045346)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords: child sexual abuse, cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response, depression, anxiety
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Crime Victims

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Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse

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