CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 19Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsStress Responses and CortisolPsychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Experimental Pain Sensitivity and Cortisol Responses in Women with Early Life Abuse: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Open access
Andersen, Elizabeth, Geiger, Paul, Schiller, Crystal, Bluth, Karen, Watkins, Lana, Zhang, Ying, Xia, Kai, Tauseef, Hafsah +3 more·2021·Psychosomatic Medicine
DOI 10.1097/psy.0000000000000889PMC PMC8164640
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: Early life abuse (ELAb) initiates pathophysiological cascades resulting in long-term maladaptive stress responsivity, hyperalgesia, and an increased risk of psychopathology. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is effective in modifying psychological and somatic symptoms; thus, we predicted that MBSR would be particularly efficacious for women with ELAb. Method: Medically healthy women (mean age = 31 years) with or without a history of early (≤13 years) physical or sexual abuse provided self-report measures and were tested in the laboratory before and after randomization to standard MBSR (n = 52) or social support (SSG) (n = 60) for 8 weeks. The laboratory procedure involved pain testing using the cold pressor and temporal summation of heat pain (indexing central sensitization) procedures, and exposure to the Trier Social Stress Test. Plasma cortisol in response to the experimental protocol was assessed as area under the curve (AUC). Results: The interventions differentially impacted pain sensitivity and cortisol AUC for women with ELAb, as MBSR increased the temporal summation of heat pain intensity ratings (p = .024) and reduced cortisol AUC (p = .004). For women without ELAb, MBSR decreased cold pressor tolerance (p = .045) and decreased the temporal summation of heat pain intensity ratings relative to SSG (p = .024). Both MBSR and SSG improved depression symptoms and emotion regulation abilities (p values < .001); however, MBSR was associated with greater benefits in describing emotions (p = .008) and impulse control (p = .017) for women with ELAb. Conclusions: Women with ELAb benefited from MBSR-specific improvements in central sensitization, mindfulness skills, and emotion regulation abilities. This is the first study to examine the efficacy of MBSR in modifying affective and somatic symptoms based on ELAb status and provides evidence for considering ELAb in tailoring treatment approaches. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01995916; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01995916.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In this randomized controlled trial, MBSR versus an active social support group differentially affected experimental pain sensitivity and cortisol-AUC in women with early life abuse (ELAb). MBSR increased temporal summation of heat pain and reduced cortisol-AUC in women with ELAb, while both interventions improved depression and emotion regulation, with MBSR-specific gains in describing emotions and impulse control for women with ELAb.

Key findings

  • Among women with ELAb, MBSR increased temporal summation of heat pain slope relative to SSG (Time × Intervention × Abuse: p = .024) and reduced cortisol-AUC (Time × Intervention × Abuse: p = .004); the temporal summation index increase was marginal (p = .056).
  • Among women without ELAb, MBSR decreased cold pressor tolerance (p = .045) and decreased temporal summation of heat pain intensity ratings relative to SSG (p = .024).
  • Both MBSR and SSG improved depression symptoms and emotion regulation abilities (ps < .001); MBSR was associated with greater benefits in describing emotions (p = .008) and impulse control (p = .017) for women with ELAb.
  • At baseline, women with ELAb showed greater perceived stress (p = .036), greater depressive symptoms (p = .049), reduced cold pressor tolerance (p = .030), reduced cortisol-AUC (p = .041), and decreased temporal summation index (p = .045) relative to women without ELAb.

Methods

  • Randomized controlled trial of 112 medically healthy women (mean age = 31; age range 18–55) with high self-reported stress, with or without physical/sexual abuse at ≤13 years, randomized 1:1 to 8-week MBSR (n = 52) or structurally equivalent social support group (SSG; n = 60).
  • Pre- and post-intervention laboratory testing included cold pressor pain, temporal summation of heat pain, Trier Social Stress Test, and plasma cortisol area under the curve (AUC), plus self-report measures including BDI, FFMQ, and DERS.
  • Linear mixed models in SAS PROC MIXED tested Abuse, Intervention, Time, and interactions, with RSLE and time of day as fixed effects for cortisol-AUC; power was 79.6% for medium effects (f = .25) and 99.7% for large effects (f = .40).

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: randomization did not eliminate baseline differences in stressful life events between intervention groups or cold pressor threshold for women with ELAb; pain induction and venipuncture before the TSST prevented a true resting baseline cortisol, so cortisol-AUC reflects the entire experimental session rather than TSST-specific response; plasma cortisol includes bound and unbound fractions; HPA habituation to repeated TSST was not accounted for.
  • Evident from the text: the analyzed sample was a subset (N = 112 of 163) recruited for high stress rather than the originally registered cohort, and participants with current PTSD, functional pain disorders, psychotic or bipolar disorders, active suicide ideation, or psychotropic/hormonal treatment were excluded, limiting generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/psy.0000000000000889

Cites

90 of 90 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 78 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    All participants met criteria for high stress at baseline (a score ≥ 20).

    “All participants met criteria for high stress at baseline (a score ≥ 20).(49)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Roberti JW, Harrington LN, Storch EA. Further Psychometric Support for the 10-Item Version of the Perceived Stress Scale. Journal of College Counseling. 2006; 9: 135– 47. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    For women with ELAb, MBSR was associated with greater benefits in impulse control (p=.017).

    “MBSR was associated with greater benefits in describing emotions (p=.008) and impulse control (p=.017) for women with ELAb.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Both MBSR and SSG improved emotion regulation abilities (ps<0.001).

    “Both MBSR and SSG improved depression symptoms and emotion regulation abilities (ps<0.001)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    MBSR was associated with reduced cortisol-AUC for women with ELAb (pairwise comparison: F(1,63)=7.92, p=.007, ηp2=.11, 95% CI [36.83, 217.46]).

    “MBSR was associated with reduced cortisol-AUC for women with ELAb, while SSG was associated with reduced cortisol-AUC for women without ELAb (pairwise comparison: F(1,63)=7.92, p=.007, ηp2=.11, 95% CI [36.83, 217.46]).”
    • Also stated in: § Results: · plain
      “reduced cortisol-AUC (p=.004)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Across both time points and regardless of intervention, women with ELAb exhibited a decreased temporal summation index relative to women without ELAb (F(1,79)=4.15, p=.045, ηp2=.05, 95% CI [−15.36, −0.17]).

    “Across both time points and regardless of intervention, women with ELAb exhibited a decreased temporal summation index relative to women without ELAb (Abuse: F(1,79)=4.15, p=.045, ηp2=.05, 95% CI [−15.36, −0.17]).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 38
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 39

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The interventions had differential effects on cold pressor pain tolerance for women without ELAb, with MBSR decreasing and SSG increasing cold pressor tolerance (Time X Intervention X Abuse: F(1,76)=4.15, p=.045, ηp2=.05, 95% CI [−124.46, −1.37]).

    “The interventions had differential effects on cold pressor pain tolerance, particularly for women without ELAb, as MBSR decreased and SSG increased cold pressor tolerance (Time X Intervention X Abuse: F(1,76)=4.15, p=.045, ηp2=.05, 95% CI [−124.46, −1.37])”
    • Also stated in: § Results: · plain
      “For women without ELAb, MBSR decreased cold pressor tolerance (p=.045)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pain intensity ratings decreased from pre- to post-intervention only for women with ELAb, and this was evident for both interventions (Time X Abuse: F(1,79)=12.57, p=.001, ηp2=.14, 95% CI [−16.57, −4.65]).

    “Pain intensity ratings decreased from pre- to post-intervention only for women with ELAb, and this was evident for both interventions (Time X Abuse: F(1,79)=12.57, p=.001, ηp2=.14, 95% CI [−16.57, −4.65]).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    For women without ELAb, MBSR increased cortisol-AUC, whereas SSG decreased cortisol-AUC.

    “for women without ELAb, MBSR increased cortisol-AUC, whereas SSG decreased cortisol-AUC.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    MBSR, but not SSG, increased central sensitization in women with ELAb.

    “our findings that MBSR, but not SSG, increased central sensitization in women with ELAb”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    MBSR improved mindfulness skills and emotion regulation abilities more significantly than the SSG, and especially in women with ELAb.

    “our study showed that MBSR improved mindfulness skills and emotion regulation abilities more significantly than the SSG, and especially in women with ELAb”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The SSG offered a structured, manual based alternative to MBSR that similarly improved depression and emotion regulation, yet also provided additional improvements in pain tolerance and cortisol-AUC relative to MBSR in women without ELAb.

    “In conclusion, the SSG offered a structured, manual based alternative to MBSR that similarly improved depression and emotion regulation, yet also provided additional improvements in pain tolerance and cortisol-AUC relative to MBSR in women without ELAb.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At baseline, women with ELAb had lower cortisol-AUC in combination with a hyperalgesic response to cold pain.

    “At baseline, women with ELAb had lower cortisol-AUC in combination with a hyperalgesic response to cold pain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    MBSR improved indices of emotion regulation more than SSG, especially for non-acceptance of emotions, difficulty in goal directed behavior, and emotion regulation strategies.

    “Also, MBSR improved indices of emotion regulation more so than SSG, especially for non-acceptance of emotions, difficulty in goal directed behavior, and emotion regulation strategies”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dysregulation of allostatic systems can manifest as either hypo- or hyper-responsiveness to stress later in life, with consequent impairment in endogenous pain regulation.

    “However, dysregulation of allostatic systems can manifest as either hypo- or hyper- responsiveness to stress later in life,(14–16) with consequent impairment in endogenous pain regulation.(17–19)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [14] Girdler SS, Leserman J, Bunevicius R, Klatzkin R, Pedersen CA, Light KC. Persistent alterations in biological profiles in women with abuse histories: Influence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Health Psychology. 2007; 26: 201– 13. 17385972 PMC2750879 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Girdler SS, Sherwood A, Hinderliter AL, Leserman J, Costello NL, Straneva PA, Pedersen CA, Light KC. Biological Correlates of Abuse in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Healthy Controls: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2003; 65: 849– 56. 14508031 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Bunea IM, Szentágotai-Tătar A, Miu AC. Early-life adversity and cortisol response to social stress: a meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry. 2017; 7: 1274. 29225338 PMC5802499 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Burke NN, Finn DP, McGuire BE, Roche M. Psychological stress in early life as a predisposing factor for the development of chronic pain: Clinical and preclinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2017. 27402412 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Jennings EM, Okine BN, Roche M, Finn DP. Stress-induced hyperalgesia. Progress in Neurobiology. 2014; 121: 1– 18. 25010858 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Bush NR, Lane RD, McLaughlin KA. Mechanisms underlying the association between early-life adversity and physical health: Charting a course for the future. Psychosomatic medicine. 2016; 78: 1114– 19. 27763991 PMC5111624 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These stress axes regulate energy demands in response to stressors and support the adaptive suppression of nociception (stress-induced analgesia).

    “These stress axes regulate energy demands in response to stressors, and in turn, support the adaptive suppression of nociception (stress-induced analgesia).(11,12)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Girdler SS, Maixner W, Naftel HA, Stewart PW, Moretz RL, Light KC. Cigarette smoking, stress-induced analgesia and pain perception in men and women. Pain. 2005; 114: 372– 85. 15777863 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] al’Absi M, Nakajima M, Grabowski J. Stress response dysregulation and stress-induced analgesia in nicotine dependent men and women. Biological Psychology. 2013; 93: 1– 8. 23274170 PMC3732467 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In response to a traumatic event, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) axes are activated, and proinflammatory cytokines are released in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS).

    “In response to a traumatic event, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) axes are activated, and proinflammatory cytokines are released in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS).(10)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] O’Connor KA, Johnson JD, Hansen MK, Wieseler Frank JL, Maksimova E, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Peripheral and central proinflammatory cytokine response to a severe acute stressor. Brain Research. 2003; 991: 123– 32. 14575884 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physiological alterations associated with ELAb may contribute to the development of stress-related functional pain syndromes and affective impairment in adulthood, both of which predominately affect women.

    “As such, physiological alterations associated with ELAb may contribute to the development of stress-related functional pain syndromes,(17) and affective impairment in adulthood,(20,21) both of which predominately affect women.(22,23)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [17] Burke NN, Finn DP, McGuire BE, Roche M. Psychological stress in early life as a predisposing factor for the development of chronic pain: Clinical and preclinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2017. 27402412 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Springer KW, Sheridan J, Kuo D, Carnes M. The Long-term Health Outcomes of Childhood Abuse. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2003; 18: 864– 70. 14521650 PMC1494926 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] McLaughlin KA, Basu A, Walsh K, Slopen N, Sumner JA, Koenen KC, Keyes KM. Childhood exposure to violence and chronic physical conditions in a national sample of US adolescents. Psychosomatic medicine. 2016; 78: 1072. 27428855 PMC5096968 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Sorge RE, Strath LJ. Sex differences in pain responses. Current Opinion in Physiology. 2018; 6: 75– 81. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Bangasser DA, Curtis A, Reyes B a. S, Bethea TT, Parastatidis I, Ischiropoulos H, Bockstaele EJV, Valentino RJ. Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor signaling and trafficking: potential role in female vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. Molecular Psychiatry. 2010; 15: 896– 904. PMC2935505 20548297 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Life Events Survey is reliable with reliability coefficients between 0.56 and 0.88.

    “Test-retest reliability studies suggest that LES is reliable with reliability coefficients between 0.56 and 0.88.(50)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Sarason IG, Johnson JH, Siegel JM. Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the Life Experiences Survey. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1978; 46: 932. 701572 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Beck Depression Inventory has internal consistency α=.81 for non-psychiatric and α=.86 for psychiatric patients, with good test-retest reliability (r=.72).

    “Beck Depression Inventory is a 21-item scale (α=.81 for non-psychiatric, α=.86 for psychiatric patients, with good test-retest reliability (r=.72)(55))”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Yin P, Fan X. Assessing the Reliability of Beck Depression Inventory Scores: Reliability Generalization across Studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2000; 60: 201– 23. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Peripuberty is a particularly vulnerable window for the impact of abuse on long-term psychiatric and health consequences.

    “as peripuberty is a particularly vulnerable window for the impact of abuse on long-term psychiatric and health consequences.(44,45)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [44] Teicher Length of Time Between Onset of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Emergence of Depression in a Young Adult Sample: A Retrospective Clinical Report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009; 8. PMC4266432 19358787 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Schoedl AF, Costa MCP, Mari JJ, Mello MF, Tyrka AR, Carpenter LL, Price LH. The clinical correlates of reported childhood sexual abuse: an association between age at trauma onset and severity of depression and PTSD in adults. Journal of child sexual abuse. 2010; 19: 156– 170. 20390785 PMC3580171 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Participants completed a Credibility Scale after the first group session to verify equivalent expectations.

    “To verify equivalent expectations, participants completed a Credibility Scale (described in detail below) after the first group session.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    A biostatistician generated the random allocation sequence and assigned participants to interventions.

    “A biostatistician generated the random allocation sequence and assigned participants to interventions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A pilot study reported MBSR-related sustained reductions in depression following an 8-week intervention in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse.

    “A pilot study reported MBSR-related sustained reductions in depression following an 8-week intervention in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse.(31,32)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Kimbrough E, Magyari T, Langenberg P, Chesney M, Berman B. Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2010; 66: 17– 33. 19998425 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Earley MD, Chesney MA, Frye J, Greene PA, Berman B, Kimbrough E. Mindfulness Intervention for Child Abuse Survivors: A 2.5-Year Follow-Up. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2014; 70: 933– 41. 24844944 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The University of North Carolina's Institutional Review Board approved this study, which is registered with the NIH Clinical Trials registry (NCT01995916).

    “The University of North Carolina’s Institutional Review Board approved this study, which is registered with the NIH Clinical Trials registry (NCT01995916).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Perceived Stress Scale (10-items) has internal consistency α=.80−.91 and good test-retest reliability (r=.77).

    “The Perceived Stress Scale (10-items) (α=.80 −.91, with good test-retest reliability (r=.77)) measures the degree to which life is appraised as unpredictable, uncontrollable and overwhelming during the preceding month.(48)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Lee EH. Review of the Psychometric Evidence of the Perceived Stress Scale. Asian Nursing Research. 2012; 6: 121– 27. 25031113 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Time of day (AM, PM) was included as a fixed effect in the cortisol-AUC model to account for diurnal effects.

    “Time of day (AM, PM) was included as a fixed effect in the cortisol-AUC model to account for diurnal effects.(57)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Kudielka BM, Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Acute HPA axis responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004; 29: 983– 92. 15219648 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Credibility Scale has good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=.81-.86) and good test-retest reliability (r=.75−.82).

    “The instrument has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=.81–.86) and good test-retest reliability (r=.75 −.82).(47)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Devilly GJ, Borkovec TD. Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2000; 31: 73– 86. 11132119 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire has demonstrated validity and reliability and good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .84-.87 for all facets).

    “The validity and reliability of the FFMQ has been demonstrated(52) and the instrument has good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α = .84–.87 for all facets.(53)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [52] Christopher MS, Neuser NJ, Michael PG, Baitmangalkar A. Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness. 2012; 3: 124– 31. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Baer RA, Smith GT, Lykins E, Button D, Krietemeyer J, Sauer S, Walsh E, Duggan D, Williams JMG. Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment. 2008; 15: 329– 342. 18310597 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Abuse histories were assessed using a structured interview.

    “Abuse histories were assessed using a structured interview.(43)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Leserman J, Li Z, Drossman DA, Toomey TC, Nachman G, Glogau L. Impact of Sexual and Physical Abuse Dimensions on Health Status: Development of an Abuse Severity Measure. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1997; 59: 152. 9088052

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    One unblinded research assistant served as the primary contact person after randomization but did not perform evaluations.

    “Besides the biostatistician, one unblinded research assistant served as the primary contact person after randomization, but did not perform evaluations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The minimization randomization method was applied to ensure equal participant numbers in each treatment group over multiple strata.

    “The minimization randomization method, which is a deterministic scheme for allocating treatment with the goal of balancing prognostic factors, was applied to ensure equal participant numbers in each treatment group over multiple strata (i.e., equal number of participants in each arm within a fixed block size of four).(41)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Pocock SJ, Simon R. Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial. Biometrics. 1975; 103– 115. 1100130 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Existing MBSR research is limited by lack of active controls, lack of blinding or randomization, and small samples.

    “Despite its potential, existing MBSR research is limited by lack of active controls,(33,34) lack of blinding or randomization,(35) and small samples.(35,36)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [33] Pradhan EK, Baumgarten M, Langenberg P, Handwerger B, Gilpin AK, Magyari T, Hochberg MC, Berman BM. Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care & Research. 2007; 57: 1134– 1142. 17907231 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Vøllestad J, Sivertsen B, Nielsen GH. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour research and therapy. 2011; 49: 281– 288. 21320700 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Teixeira ME. Meditation as an intervention for chronic pain: an integrative review. Holistic nursing practice. 2008; 22: 225– 234. 18607236 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Morone NE, Greco CM, Weiner DK. Mindfulness meditation for the treatment of chronic low back pain in older adults: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pain. 2008; 134: 310– 319. 17544212 PMC2254507 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MBSR has shown efficacy in treating pain, depression, stress and anxiety.

    “Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR), which combines meditation training and stress management practices, has shown efficacy in treating pain, depression, stress and anxiety.(25–29)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [25] Chiesa A, Serretti A. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry research. 2011; 187: 441– 453. 20846726 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical psychology review. 2011; 31: 1041– 1056. 21802619 PMC3679190 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Gaylord SA, Palsson OS, Garland EL, Faurot KR, Coble RS, Mann JD, Frey W, Leniek K, Whitehead WE. Mindfulness training reduces the severity of irritable bowel syndrome in women: results of a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2011; 106: 1678. 21691341 PMC6502251 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Braden BB, Pipe TB, Smith R, Glaspy TK, Deatherage BR, Baxter LC. Brain and behavior changes associated with an abbreviated 4-week mindfulness-based stress reduction course in back pain patients. Brain and Behavior. 2016; 6: e00443. 26925304 PMC4754498 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Reiner K, Tibi L, Lipsitz JD. Do Mindfulness-Based Interventions Reduce Pain Intensity? A Critical Review of the Literature. Pain Medicine. 2013; 14: 230– 42. 23240921 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Randomization was stratified on ELAb and severity of baseline depression symptoms.

    “Randomization was stratified on ELAb and severity of baseline depression symptoms, assessed by the Daily Record of Severity of Problems immediately preceding randomization.(42)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Borenstein JE, Dean BB, Yonkers KA, Endicott J. Using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems as a Screening Instrument for Premenstrual Syndrome. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2007; 109: 1068– 1075. 17470584 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale has high internal consistency (α =.93) and good test-retest reliability (r=.74−.78 for women).

    “The DERS has high internal consistency (α =.93) and good test-retest reliability (r=.74 −.78 for women).(54)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2004; 26: 41– 54. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Childhood trauma is associated with neurobiological sensitivity to stress and greater perceived stress as adults.

    “Because childhood trauma is associated with neurobiological sensitivity to stress (39) and greater perceived stress as adults,(40)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [39] Teicher MH, Samson JA. Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2016; 57: 241– 66. 26831814 PMC4760853 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Bossé S, Stalder T, D’Antono B. Childhood Trauma, Perceived Stress, and Hair Cortisol in Adults With and Without Cardiovascular Disease. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2018; 80: 393– 402. 29521884 PMC5959209 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The SSG includes all non-specific factors present in MBSR, such as positive expectation, social support, a therapeutic relationship, and a therapeutic rationale, while excluding the active elements of the Mindfulness Program.

    “SSG includes all non-specific factors present in MBSR, such as: a) positive expectation for intervention success; b) social support; c) a therapeutic relationship; and d) a therapeutic rationale underlying benefits; and 4) the two interventions have the same proscribed practices (e.g., no advice giving or provision of therapy).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Trier Social Stress Test is a well validated stress manipulation that has been shown to produce large magnitude HPA and SNS responses.

    “Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is a well validated stress manipulation involving social evaluation of speech and serial subtraction that has been shown to produce large magnitude HPA and SNS responses.(60)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Allen AP, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G. Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2014; 38: 94– 124. 24239854 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Plasma cortisol levels were measured using a competitive coated tube radioimmunoassay with sensitivity of .07μg/dL and intra- and inter-assay variations of 4.7% and 7.6%.

    “Plasma cortisol levels were measured using a competitive coated tube radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit and protocol (MP Biomedicals, Orangeburg, NY), with sensitivity of .07μg/dL and with intra- and inter- assay variations of 4.7% and 7.6% respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    All sessions were audio-recorded and instructor adherence and competence was measured directly using rating scales previously validated for MBSR and adapted for SSG.

    “All sessions were audio-recorded and instructor adherence and competence was measured directly using rating scales previously validated for MBSR and adapted for SSG.(67)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Chawla N, Collins S, Bowen S, Hsu S, Grow J, Douglass A, Marlatt GA. The mindfulness-based relapse prevention adherence and competence scale: Development, interrater reliability, and validity. Psychotherapy Research. 2010; 20: 388– 97. 20204916 PMC3280680 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Phlebotomy issues prevented the collection of cortisol for 4 MBSR and 6 SSG participants pre-intervention, and 2 MBSR and 9 SSG participants post-intervention.

    “Phlebotomy issues prevented the collection of cortisol for 4 MBSR and 6 SSG participants pre-intervention, and 2 MBSR and 9 SSG participants post-intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Temporal Summation Procedure was used to index central sensitization of pain processing.

    “The Temporal Summation Procedure was used to index central sensitization of pain processing,(58)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Herrero JF, Laird JMA, Lopez-Garcia JA. Wind-up of spinal cord neurons and pain sensation: much ado about something? Progress in Neurobiology. 2000; 61: 169– 203. 10704997 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    There were no differences in adherence between the two groups; attendance at sessions was 87% for MBSR and 91% for SSG.

    “There were no differences in adherence between the two groups. Attendance at sessions was 87% for MBSR and 91% for SSG.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Five participants in MBSR and 4 in SSG did not complete the protocol because of scheduling conflicts, and 1 participant in MBSR and 3 in SSG were withdrawn because of non-compliance, leaving 46 participants in MBSR and 53 in SSG who completed post-intervention testing.

    “Five participants in MBSR and 4 in SSG did not complete the protocol because of scheduling conflicts, and 1 participant in MBSR and 3 in SSG were withdrawn because of non-compliance, leaving 46 participants in MBSR and 53 in SSG who completed post-intervention testing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    One participant randomized to MBSR was identified as an outlier for cortisol and was excluded from analyses, and one MBSR participant with a negative temporal summation slope was also excluded.

    “One participant randomized to MBSR was identified as an outlier for cortisol and was excluded from analyses, and one MBSR participant with a negative temporal summation slope was also excluded.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    To minimize the influence of physiologic stress reactivity on pain sensitivity, participants were exposed to pain testing first, followed by the psychosocial stressor.

    “To minimize the influence of physiologic stress reactivity on pain sensitivity, participants were exposed to pain testing first, followed by the psychosocial stressor.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The order of pain testing was counterbalanced between participants.

    “The order of pain testing was counterbalanced between participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Women with ELAb benefited from MBSR-specific improvements in central sensitization, mindfulness skills and emotion regulation abilities.

    “Women with ELAb benefited from MBSR-specific improvements in central sensitization, mindfulness skills and emotion regulation abilities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    With a sample size of N=112, the study had 79.6% power to detect medium effects (f=0.25) and 99.7% power to detect large effects (f=0.40).

    “With a sample size of N=112, and a significance level defined as 0.05, the current study had 79.6% power to detect medium effects (f=0.25), and 99.7% power to detect large effects (f=0.40).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Plasma cortisol measurements reflect both bound and unbound (biologically active) components.

    “Plasma cortisol measurements reflect both bound and unbound (biologically active) components.(65)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Robin P, Predine J, Milgrom E. Assay of unbound cortisol in plasma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1978; 46: 277– 283. 750605 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pain intensity reflects the sensory-discriminative dimension of the pain experience, whereas pain tolerance reflects the affective-motivational aspect of the pain experience.

    “pain intensity reflects the sensory-discriminative dimension of the pain experience, whereas pain tolerance reflects the affective-motivational aspect of the pain experience.(91)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Lumley MA, Cohen JL, Borszcz GS, Cano A, Radcliffe AM, Porter LS, Schubiner H, Keefe FJ. Pain and Emotion: A Biopsychosocial Review of Recent Research. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2011; 67: 942– 68. 21647882 PMC3152687

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Plasma cortisol collected in the present study reflects both free and bound fractions of cortisol and thus does not reflect solely the biologically active component.

    “plasma cortisol collected in the present study reflects both free and bound fractions of cortisol and thus, does not reflect solely the biologically active component.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Central sensitization involves an increase in dorsal horn neuronal membrane excitability ("wind up") that results in a decreased pain stimulation threshold.

    “while central sensitization involves an increase in dorsal horn neuronal membrane excitability (“wind up”) that results in a decreased pain stimulation threshold.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] Mechlin M, Maixner W, Light K, Fisher J, Girdler S. African Americans Show Alterations in Endogenous Pain Regulatory Mechanisms and Reduced Pain Tolerance to Experimental Pain Procedures. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2005; 67: 948– 56. 16314600 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Central sensitization precedes brain-dependent alterations in pain processing and may be less likely to be influenced by other physiological systems (e.g., cortisol).

    “Central sensitization precedes brain-dependent alterations in pain processing, and may be less likely to be influenced by other physiological systems (e.g., cortisol).(82)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Mechlin B, Heymen S, Edwards CL, Girdler SS. Ethnic differences in cardiovascular-somatosensory interactions and in the central processing of noxious stimuli. Psychophysiology. 2011; 48: 762– 73. 21039586 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    MBSR reduces psychological distress in trauma survivors.

    “MBSR reduces psychological distress in trauma survivors,(89,90)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [89] Boyd JE, Lanius RA, McKinnon MC. Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 2018; PMC5747539 29252162 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Gallegos AM, Crean HF, Pigeon WR, Heffner KL. Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical psychology review. 2017; 58: 115– 124. 29100863 PMC5939561 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The recruitment of women with high levels of self-reported stress permitted the assessment of MBSR and SSG-dependent effects among a diagnostically heterogeneous population, lending transdiagnostic implications of our results for identifying appropriate interventions for women with ELAb.

    “The recruitment of women with high levels of self-reported stress permitted the assessment of MBSR and SSG-dependent effects among a diagnostically heterogeneous population, lending transdiagnostic implications of our results for identifying appropriate interventions for women with ELAb.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals new to mindfulness show an increase in cortisol reactivity to the TSST, consistent with skills-based effortful coping.

    “Individuals new to mindfulness show an increase in cortisol reactivity to the TSST,(85) consistent with skills-based effortful coping.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Creswell JD, Pacilio LE, Lindsay EK, Brown KW. Brief mindfulness meditation training alters psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social evaluative stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014; 44: 1– 12. 24767614 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    For some individuals with a trauma history, the effects of sitting with strong emotions can range from distracting to debilitating.

    “For some individuals with a trauma history, the effects of sitting with strong emotions can range from distracting to debilitating.(88)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] Müller-Engelmann M, Wünsch S, Volk M, Steil R. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) as a Standalone Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Mixed Traumatic Events: A Mixed-Methods Feasibility Study. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8. PMC5591787 28928678 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals reporting greater emotion regulation abilities exhibit higher physiological reactivity, but lower anxiety, in response to a social-evaluative task.

    “Similarly, individuals reporting greater emotion regulation abilities exhibit higher physiological reactivity, but lower anxiety, in response to a social-evaluative task.(86)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [86] Lam S, Dickerson SS, Zoccola PM, Zaldivar F. Emotion regulation and cortisol reactivity to a social-evaluative speech task. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009; 34: 1355– 62. 19464808

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A sustained pro-inflammatory profile can manifest in depression.

    “a sustained pro-inflammatory profile can manifest in depression,(78)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Slavich GM, Irwin MR. From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin. 2014; 140: 774– 815. 24417575 PMC4006295 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A blunted cortisol response may be a sign of physiological dysregulation and is consistent with an allostatic load model of chronic or severe stress exposure.

    “Other evidence suggests that a blunted cortisol response may be a sign of physiological dysregulation and is consistent with an allostatic load model of chronic or severe stress exposure.(13)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Allostasis McEwen B. and Allostatic Load Implications for Neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 22: 108– 24. 10649824 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The SSG did not provide training in active skills to use during stress, which may explain the decrease in cortisol-AUC in women without ELAb who were in the SSG.

    “Unlike MBSR, the SSG did not provide training in active skills to use during stress, which may explain the decrease in cortisol-AUC in women without ELAb who were in the SSG.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
57 of 57

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Controlled trials that incorporate mindfulness-based therapies in women with ELAb are limited.

    “controlled trials that incorporate these therapies in women with ELAb are limited.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The HPA axis habituates upon repeated exposure to the TSST.

    “Given that the HPA axis habituates upon repeated exposure to the TSST, it is likely that cortisol post-intervention exhibited some decrease in response magnitude (relative to pre-intervention) as a result of HPA axis habituation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ELAb history does not influence the magnitude of the cortisol habituation response to the TSST.

    “However, there is no evidence that ELAb history would influence the magnitude of the cortisol habituation response to the TSST; thus, on average, both groups should show the same habituation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The present study is the first to investigate the ability of ELAb to predict efficacy of MBSR relative to an active control for affective symptoms, cortisol response to an experimental protocol, and pain processing in women with high levels of self-reported stress.

    “The present study is the first to investigate the ability of a clinical history marker (ELAb) to predict efficacy of MBSR relative to an active control for affective symptoms, cortisol response to an experimental protocol, and pain processing in women with high levels of self-reported stress.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentχ²(1) = 0.07reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .791

    “χ(1)=.07, p = .80”

  • ConsistentF(1, 92) = 1.77reported p = .19 · recomputed p = .187

    “F(1,92)=1.77, p = .19”

  • ConsistentF(1, 107) = 1.82reported p = .18 · recomputed p = .180

    “F(1,107)=1.82, p = .18”

  • ConsistentF(1, 107) = 5.07reported p = .026 · recomputed p = .026

    “F(1,107)=5.07, p = .026”

  • ConsistentF(1, 107) = 4.49reported p = .036 · recomputed p = .036

    “F(1,107)=4.49, p = .036”

  • ConsistentF(1, 76) = 4.88reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .030

    “F(1,76)=4.88, p = .030”

  • ConsistentF(1, 76) = 4.15reported p = .045 · recomputed p = .045

    “F(1,76)=4.15, p = .045”

  • ConsistentF(1, 78) = 4.53reported p = .037 · recomputed p = .036

    “F(1,78)=4.53, p = .037”

  • ConsistentF(1, 79) = 12.57reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,79)=12.57, p = .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 79) = 5.97reported p = .017 · recomputed p = .017

    “F(1,79)=5.97, p = .017”

  • ConsistentF(1, 79) = 4.15reported p = .045 · recomputed p = .045

    “F(1,79)=4.15, p = .045”

  • ConsistentF(1, 79) = 3.77reported p = .056 · recomputed p = .056

    “F(1,79)=3.77, p = .056”

  • ConsistentF(1, 84) = 5.29reported p = .024 · recomputed p = .024

    “F(1,84)=5.29, p = .024”

  • ConsistentF(1, 63) = 4.37reported p = .041 · recomputed p = .041

    “F(1,63)=4.37, p = .041”

  • ConsistentF(1, 63) = 9.08reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004

    “F(1,63)=9.08, p = .004”

  • ConsistentF(1, 63) = 7.92reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .007

    “F(1,63)=7.92, p = .007”

  • ConsistentF(1, 63) = 7.42reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .008

    “F(1,63)=7.42, p = .008”

  • ConsistentF(1, 85) = 34.83reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,85)=34.83, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 85) = 3.97reported p = .049 · recomputed p = .050

    “F(1,85)=3.97, p = .049”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 4.15reported p = .046 · recomputed p = .046

    “F(1,58)=4.15, p = .046”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 7.9reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .007

    “F(1,58)=7.90, p = .007”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 15.74reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,58)=15.74, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 7.41reported p = .009 · recomputed p = .009

    “F(1,58)=7.41, p = .009”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 6.96reported p = .011 · recomputed p = .011

    “F(1,58)=6.96, p = .011”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 7.59reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .008

    “F(1,58)=7.59, p = .008”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 0.03reported p = .86 · recomputed p = .863

    “F(1,58)=0.03, p = .86”

  • ConsistentF(1, 58) = 18.66reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,58)=18.66, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 59) = 17.35reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,59)=17.35, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 59) = 15.31reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,59)=15.31, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 4.06reported p = .047 · recomputed p = .047

    “F(1,86)=4.06, p = .047”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 5.81reported p = .018 · recomputed p = .018

    “F(1,86)=5.81, p = .018”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 5.37reported p = .023 · recomputed p = .023

    “F(1,86)=5.37, p = .023”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 4reported p = .049 · recomputed p = .049

    “F(1,86)=4.00, p = .049”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 11.1reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001

    “F(1,86)=11.10, p = .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 5.95reported p = .017 · recomputed p = .017

    “F(1,86)=5.95, p = .017”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 42.81reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,86)=42.81, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 29.63reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,86)=29.63, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 86) = 37.72reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,86)=37.72, p < .001”

38 of 38

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Cortisol reduction is presented as significant and nonsignificant

    Major

    The abstract attaches p=.004 to MBSR reducing cortisol-AUC in women with early life abuse, but the discussion says that reduction was not significant. The Results identify p=.004 as the three-way interaction, not a test of the reduction within that group.

  • Two participants are not less than 1% of the sample

    Minor

    With 112 participants, two constitute 1.79%, not less than 1%. The same erroneous percentage is given for panic disorder.

    Reported 1 · recomputed 1.785714

  • Three participants are not less than 1% of the sample

    Minor

    With 112 participants, three constitute 2.68%, not less than 1%. The same erroneous percentage is given for premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

    Reported 1 · recomputed 2.678571

  • Randomized arms are described as equal but have different sizes

    Minor

    The randomization section says the arms had equal numbers of participants, whereas the reported randomized groups contain 52 and 60 participants.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Andersen, E., Geiger, P., Schiller, C., Bluth, K., Watkins, L., Zhang, Y., Xia, K., Tauseef, H., Leserman, J., Girdler, S., & Gaylord, S.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author
Andersen, Elizabeth
ORCID
Venue
Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2020-12-01
Volume
83
Issue
6
Pages
515-527
ISSN
  • 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
  • 1534-7796
DOI
10.1097/psy.0000000000000889
PMC
PMC8164640
OpenAlex
W3109242678
Semantic Scholar
a9d5d3826a612a4d21d97c8853255dd475e42cb3
Cited by
19
References
90
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3
FWCI
0.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002489)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH099076, T32MH093315)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Keywords
mindfulness-based stress reduction, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, pain sensitivity, central sensitization, cortisol response, social stress, emotion regulation, depression, women, stress responsivity
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Outcome, Pain Threshold, Mindfulness

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review