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Reassessing Communist International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors
Open accessAbstract
This article widens the analysis of international organisations by including communist organisations, in particular the Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). Drawing on archival research in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Geneva and Rome, this article traces the origins, the evolution and the collective actorness of both organisations. Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact went through a process of institutionalisation, reorganisation and multilateralisation and began to share many characteristics with their Western counterparts, such as the European Economic Community and NATO. Contrary to conventional wisdom these organisations thus developed into multilateral international organisations, which the other members could use to challenge Soviet unilateralism. Comparing COMECON and the Warsaw Pact with each other and with their Western counterparts, this article shows how these Eastern European international organisations contributed to shifting the balance of power within the Soviet Bloc by empowering their members as sovereign states and themselves as collective actors.
Overview
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TL;DR
This article argues that COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were not merely Soviet “empty shells” or transmission belts, but developed into multilateral international organisations that empowered smaller member states and themselves as collective actors. Comparing them with Western counterparts such as the EEC and NATO, it traces their institutionalisation, multilateralisation, and foreign-policy coordination, especially during the 1960s.
Key findings
- Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact underwent institutionalisation, multilateralisation, and later integration or foreign-policy coordination, increasingly resembling Western organisations such as the EEC and NATO; their smaller members used them to challenge Soviet unilateralism and assert sovereignty.
- COMECON was founded in January 1949 with six members, initially by press release and without a treaty; its secretariat grew from 72 experts in 1957 to 156 in 1962 and 645 in 1967. Romania helped block Khrushchev’s proposed “unified planning organ,” and in 1966 Kosygin acknowledged that “COMECON is not a supranational organ.”
- The Warsaw Pact was founded on 14 May 1955, five days after West Germany joined NATO, and was closely modelled on the North Atlantic Treaty; it initially had only a Political Consultative Committee and no secretariat. Romania vetoed a secretariat and foreign ministers’ committee, but by 1969 members agreed on a defence committee, and in 1975 a committee of foreign ministers was established.
- The Warsaw Pact’s multilateralisation enabled it to act collectively: it presented a European Security Conference proposal to NATO in March 1969, and the NPT was signed in July 1968 with Romanian input. Both organisations collapsed in 1991—COMECON on 28 June and the Warsaw Pact on 1 July—after borrowing heavily from Western models.
Methods
- Comparative historical analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War competitors, drawing on archival research in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Geneva, and Rome.
- The article uses criteria of international organisations—multilateral bodies, commonly agreed rules, sovereign states joining voluntarily, preferably through a treaty—as a yardstick to measure how far COMECON and the Warsaw Pact developed into international organisations.
- It focuses empirically on the debates and reforms of the 1960s, tracing origins, evolution, and collective actorness through processes of institutionalisation, multilateralisation, integration, and foreign policy coordination.
Limitations
- The authors state that communist international organisations did not have the same raison d’être as Western organisations: they were created in reaction to “others,” relied on confrontation with the outside world to legitimate their existence, and were not attractive enough to continue after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
- The paper itself notes that the Cold War was both a condition for their existence and an element of their progressive disqualification, and that COMECON and the Warsaw Pact collapsed because they were copying a more successful prototype.
- Evident from the text: the analysis is primarily qualitative and archival, with no formal quantitative testing; it concentrates on the 1960s and selected archives, so the comparative claims rest on process-tracing rather than systematic outcome measurement.
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Claims the paper makes
133 Own interpretation · 77 Sources not found · 61 Own result · 18 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet
In the paper
“Contrary to conventional wisdom, 25 coordinating its members' foreign trade with the West was the first mission of COMECON mentioned in its founding conference on 5 January 1949.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In December 1950 the Polish representative to the COMECON bureau, G. Ruszanski, rejected the international coordination of the national production programmes.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“The Kremlin itself gave the impetus for a new type of multilateral cooperation by strengthening the institutional structure of the organisation in the second half of the 1950s.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“After the Moscow economic conference of April 1952 Soviet interest in East-West trade decreased.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Already in January 1949 the Polish and Czechoslovak governments had redrafted the first Soviet project for COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Polish vice-prime minister, Hilary Minc, and Rudolf Slánsky, the first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, successfully transformed the planned 'Council of Economic Coordination' (which implied binding cooperation) into a more flexible 'Council for Mutual Economic Assistance'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“This aspect of the alliance was far more centralised under the guise of the 'statute of the Unified Command', which was founded several months later, and supervised by a Soviet supreme commander.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“Romania took advantage of this limitation of Soviet influence and rephrased Moscow's proposal as describing a 'supranational' planning organ.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“In this vein, Khrushchev mentioned for the first time his wish to see the establishment of a 'unified planning organ' for the whole bloc in a speech delivered in November 1962 to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“During this period the Soviet Union gave a second impetus to international economic cooperation in the framework of COMECON, in order to promote closer collaboration aiming at the coordination not only of foreign trade but also of production itself.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The Council was soon joined by Albania and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1950 and remained, until the adhesion of Mongolia in 1962, an explicitly European organisation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“In fact, the 'modus operandi' of these Eastern European organisations also changed in the 1960s, and some members even began to view them as an instrument to increase their scope for manoeuvre, both within the Eastern Bloc and on the global stage.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
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In the paper
“The proposal for its foundation was presented as a joint Soviet-Romanian initiative and largely redrafted by Polish and Czechoslovak representatives.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was the first intergovernmental international organisation in the Soviet Bloc to promote and institutionalise multilateral exchanges between Moscow and the People's Democracies of Eastern Europe.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“Indeed, the Soviet Union had neither the clear intention nor the necessary resources to steer and to finance the common economic development of its allies in 1949 and, as a consequence, did not consider COMECON the cornerstone of an alternative socialist economic sphere, at least until the late 1950s.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“No treaty elaborating in a more solemn way and at the highest political level the purpose and the legal status of the organisation was signed, and COMECON was given a very light institutional structure.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“COMECON fulfilled its main task in helping Eastern European economies recover after the War as well as maintaining and increasing their trade relations with the West.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“When it was established in January 1949 it counted only six members: the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“Between 1950 and 1954 the COMECON bureau adopted the principle of free exchange of patents, agreed on clearing agreements, discussed systems of pricing negotiations and established models of international trade agreements.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“In the first PCC meeting in 1956 it was decided that a secretariat and a committee of foreign ministers should be established, but in fact this never materialised.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“First, the organisation's institutions were officially strengthened by the transformation of the bureau into an Executive Committee in 1962 and by the merging of all standing commission's secretariats, disseminated all over Eastern Europe, with the secretariat in Moscow.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Western observers monitored its activity in order to find arguments proving that the organisation was a mere Soviet transmission belt and to delegitimise the discourse on the solidarity of the socialist world.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Both countries were very active in defining more precisely the 'principle of interest', 55 so that a country that did not really want to participate in a common project could not block the agreement achieved by its partners.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“According to the 'principle of interest', unanimous approval was required since 1949 within COMECON, and Bucharest was thus able to veto every proposal.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“COMECON members -except Romania -initially endorsed Khrushchev's proposal, but the debate rapidly escalated into open conflict.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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“The military dimension of the Warsaw Pact, with which it is usually associated, was, in fact, 'separate from the treaty', and it would lead a largely parallel existence.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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“This was the second intergovernmental international organisation founded under Soviet auspices, although the idea for the foundation of a multilateral alliance in the Soviet Bloc was in fact a Polish one.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“The Paris Agreements and the enlargement of NATO had created a strong mutual Eastern European interest in closing ranks, and, contrary to conventional wisdom, the Warsaw Pact members welcomed its foundation and even had an input in drafting the treaty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“The meeting of the permanent representatives was institutionalised in 1957 and took place at least twice a month to steer the activity of COMECON's organs.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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“It gained momentum in the 1970s, following the publication in Geneva and Vienna in 1964 and 1965 of books about COMECON written by its secretary Nikolaï Fadeev, and the cross participation of experts in both organisations' technical meetings, until NATO started to convene annual academic meetings about COMECON and its evolution in 1977.61”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The Soviet leadership rose to this challenge by founding its own alliance five days later during a conference with its Eastern European allies in Warsaw.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“In contrast to France's strategy of the 'empty chair', used to oppose any supranational evolution of the EEC in 1965-1966, Romania participated in all COMECON projects between 1962 and 1964.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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“The lack of a secretariat within the Warsaw Pact would prove a highly contested issue in the 1960s, at the time when COMECON's administrative staff expanded.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“Romania had a very legalistic approach and claimed to act according to commonly adopted principles of socialist cooperation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“In contrast to COMECON, the Warsaw Pact initially only consisted of a Political Consultative Committee (PCC), apparently analogous to NATO's North Atlantic Council, and lacked any other institutional infrastructure, such as a secretariat or a body of civil servants.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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“The secretariat received additional staff resources and in 1956 COMECON started to create a series of standing commissions dealing with specific branches of the economy.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact's PCC only convened every other year in this period and apart from that the organisation was largely inactive.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, their members consented to join and even had input in the founding documents.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This legal guerrilla warfare gave the final blow to the 'unified planning organ' in 1964, before Alexei Kosygin, a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, chairman of the Council of Ministers and father of the 1965 Soviet economic reform, acknowledged in 1966 that 'COMECON is not a supranational organ'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in COMECON, the Kremlin withdrew from the debate, and the disagreements between primarily the East German and the Romanian party leaders led to a stalemate until Khrushchev's ouster in October 1964.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While discussing whether or not COMECON should develop into a supranational planning commission, its members implemented a radical transformation of its institutions.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ensuing debates lasted more than a decade.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, within COMECON a consensus was emerging at the same time, under Polish leadership, on abolishing the right of veto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Romanian leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, was, ironically, the only one to point out that NATO was, after all, a 'capitalist' alliance and that communist equality should not be based on a wide range of organs which curtail sovereignty.73”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Khrushchev ultimately relented and the Romanian leadership compared this victory to its 'very big success' at COMECON, where they had 'succeeded in making [the Kremlin] retreat' in terms of the 'common planning organ', which would have 'implications concerning sovereignty, independence etc.' 66”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He was backed by the new Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev, who seemed more willing than his predecessor to assume the initiative, and who even proposed establishing a committee of defence ministers too, just like in NATO.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Virtually all members, apart from the Romanians, were striving to mirror the Warsaw Pact still more after NATO and decried the fact that the Warsaw Pact did not have a headquarters, a secretariat or a committee of foreign or defence ministers.71”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Appealing to the treaty's focus on Europe, they argued that it would shift the Warsaw Pact's emphasis from European security to a global conflict, by fuelling the Sino-Soviet split.65”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to COMECON, the institutional structure of the Warsaw Pact did not expand during this period; on the contrary, even the PCC seemed paralysed.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under pressure from both the Sino-Soviet split and the second Berlin Crisis, the Kremlin's interest in maintaining a united front was soon exploited in the early 1960s, first by the Albanian first secretary, Enver Hoxha, who chose to leave the alliance de facto, and then by the East German first secretary, Walter Ulbricht, who convened the Warsaw Pact in early August 1961 to legitimise the build”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1957 the Soviet permanent representative, Sergei Pervushin, already stated that 'the situation at COMECON is such that if the secretaries were to die, nobody would notice.The secretariat should take Myrdal and his secretariat in Geneva as an example, see how exemplarily it works, whereas we do a bad job.' 62”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Berlin in particular strove to create a secretariat and a foreign ministers committee, as well to agree on more regular PCC meetings.68”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis imported the terms from the simultaneous crisis within NATO (thus also using NATO as a point of reference), by arguing that decision making within the Warsaw Pact should take place in an intergovernmental manner and that 'the creation of a supranational organism', such as a foreign ministers committee, was 'unacceptable'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ulbricht therefore pushed again for the reorganisation of the alliance at the PCC meeting in January 1965, and proposed to finally establish the secretariat and the committee of foreign ministers that had been agreed on in 1956.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After the Mongolian episode the PCC did not convene until January 1965, although this, too, was mainly the responsibility of the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proposals were supported, but not initiated, by the Kremlin and vetoed by the Romanian leaders, who regarded them as an encroachment on their sovereignty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stressing that 'we must find solutions for strengthening unity', Soviet politburo member Yuri Andropov even conceded to several Romanian demands about the Warsaw Pact and COMECON in 1963.80”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“COMECON secretary, Nikolai Fadeev, stated in 1963 that 'the”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Working for COMECON also became a distinctive characteristic among diplomats.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Gomułka used the same reference in 1966 to urge his partners to engage in closer cooperation if they did not want to be left alone in their negotiations with Western European countries, 91 who were increasingly represented by the sole EEC Commission in trade negotiations.92”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both countries thus promoted, and achieved, a new reform of COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the Warsaw Pact members wanted the organisation to become as much like NATO as possible, apart from the Romanians, who ironically had the closest relations with NATO members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON representatives acknowledged this circulation of models of regional integration but rejected the idea of a convergence between international organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“COMECON agents repeatedly asserted a specific professionalisation and refused to be equated with diplomats working in embassies. 85”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Khrushchev mentioned for the first time in 1963 the important economic results achieved by the EEC in a speech held at COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recognition of the GDR by the UN in 1973 formalised its recognition and confirmed the growing tendency to regard the GDR as an autonomous actor.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Rezsö Nyers, Hungarian permanent representative at COMECON, 'the integration, which is unfolding before their eyes in other parts of the world -particularly in Western Europe -represents a force to which the smaller socialist countries can only oppose an equivalent economic potential if they cooperate more intensely than before with each other and with the Soviet Union'.95”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [95]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The organisation was assigned the task to implement the 'integration' of its member states' national economies and, de facto, to promote the establishment of a common socialist market mirroring the economic integration shaped by the EEC in Western Europe.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was an urgent push for a common foreign policy, which ultimately proved irresistible to the Romanians too: referring to the meetings on the NPT within NATO, the Romanian leader Ceauşescu convened the PCC in March 1968 in order to discuss the NPT.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Openly professing its lack of commitment to the alliance, Ceauşescu initially breached Warsaw Pact policy on the Vietnam War, by supporting the Chinese rather than the Soviet stance, establishing diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany behind the back of its allies and siding with Israel rather than Palestine in the Six Day War in 1967.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the time the treaty was signed in July 1968, the Romanian leadership was so satisfied with its input that it voluntarily decided to sign the NPT, which indeed contained a few Romanian proposals, together with its allies.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the same reason the Romanian leadership had thwarted the proposals to create a committee of foreign ministers, which was explicitly modelled after NATO practice.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON had integrated still further in the second half of the 1960s, but the Warsaw Pact had at least stopped from disintegrating further.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to Warsaw and Budapest, COMECON countries had no choice but to entrust the organisation with the introduction of market incentives in their economic relations, in order to meet the challenge of the common market.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian members were, however, so anxious to prevent being subjected to a Warsaw Pact foreign policy, that they had successfully blocked any attempt to create a secretariat within the Warsaw Pact exactly to avoid a development similar to the one in COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1966-1967 the Romanian government nevertheless still succeeded in undermining the Warsaw Pact's capability to act collectively.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that COMECON and the Warsaw Pact collapsed half a year before the Soviet Union did, on 28 June and 1 July 1991 respectively,”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the second half of the 1980s there was even a push in both organisations to adopt still more characteristics from their Western counterparts, such a 'common COMECON market' within COMECONfoot_6 and the shift 'from an offensive to a defensive strategy' within the Warsaw Pact.111”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON was created under the influence of the Cold War as a direct and political answer to the Marshall Plan.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both of these were indeed international monolithic organisations, dominated by the Soviet Union.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resolution of this crisis proves that both organisations evolved into institutions which learnt to cope with dissent and diverging national interests, and which developed the potential to operate as collective actors.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, a circulation of models of international organisations can be observed in the Cold War, which proves the convergence not only of Eastern and Western European societies and economies but also reveals a conscious effort in both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact to adopt characteristics of their Western counterparts.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The political urgency of its establishment and the lack of concrete economic motivation were shown by the fact that the organisation was launched by a mere press release.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the Soviet Union was dominant and its economic support very important to its allies, Moscow did not rule COMECON alone.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We nevertheless suggest that this crisis was pivotal for the evolution of the organisations, creating a 'dynamics of dissent', which caused both the organisations and their members to emancipate themselves to some extent from the Soviet grip.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact went through a process of institutionalisation, reorganisation and multilateralisation and began to share many characteristics with their Western counterparts, such as the European Economic Community and NATO.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time Moscow showed Western observers how debate was tolerated at COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, both organisations were interstate rather than interparty organisations, which clearly distinguishes them from both COMINTERN and COMINFORM.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Eventually these institutionalisation processes show how both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were primarily founded in response to a development in Western Europe and not out of the Soviet desire to control its satellites, as is often assumed.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implied a closer coordination of production plans at an international level and a COMECON-wide division of labour, which would increase Soviet influence, at least on the surface.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While COMECON was coming into its own, Soviet first secretary, Nikita Khrushchev, had to find a response to another Western challenge, namely the Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) admission to NATO on 9 May 1955, which had been agreed in the so-called 'Paris Agreements' of October 1954.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Warsaw and Berlin also turned this conflict into a learning moment and defeated Bucharest with its own weapons, by using legal arguments to refute the Romanian opposition to any evolution of COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from integrating East Germany, this also served Soviet security.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This also meant that neither COMECON nor the Warsaw Pact were founded on the basis of Marxist-Leninist ideology.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the Warsaw Pact had a clear founding document, which resembled the Atlantic Treaty to such an extent that the Warsaw Pact members would use it in the future to expand their room for manoeuvre, whereas COMECON was given a vague charter only in 1959 and was never officialised by an international treaty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reflects the different internal political structures of the members of the respective alliances, but the treaties were identical concerning the way in which they were supposed to function as a multilateral alliance between states rather than parties.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the economic failure of the organisation, they established COMECON as a multilateral forum in which they could resist Soviet concepts of international economic cooperation and push the Soviet Union to compromise.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time the incipient Sino-Soviet split was a great blow to communist solidarity and raised the importance of closing ranks at any price.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact members immediately realised that this formula could reinforce the 'independence and sovereignty' of individual members and deliberately turned it into a self-fulfilling prophecy.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It reemphasised the interstate nature of the organisation and showed how the decision-making in the alliance became increasingly multilateral, with the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members taking the initiative.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secretariat of COMECON indeed became a new actor with its own voice, participating in the debates between the governments of its member countries.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this period the alliance was not reformed de jure, but certainly transformed de facto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact as an organisation remained the same in this period, but the relations between the Soviet superpower and the smaller allies became less asymmetrical.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis compelled the other Warsaw Pact members to scrutinise the functioning of the organisation and greatly embarrassed Leonid Brezhnev.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This process indicates that the Warsaw Pact members increasingly assumed influence within the organisation, and that the Soviet Union could not simply impose its will unilaterally.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet the very fact that the Warsaw Pact's deputy foreign ministers met was a turning-point in itself.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The international organisation, embodied by the permanent secretariat, became able to develop its own economic expertise and relied less on input from the governments.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These developments in the Warsaw Pact are remarkable, since similar debates had already taken place within COMECON in the first half of the 1960s in opposition to the 'supranational planning organ'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This increased the member states' room for manoeuvre, while decreasing the Soviet capacity to impose its will.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although in appearance Soviet monoliths, both organisations had evolved into increasingly multilateral organisations, which their smaller members could use as instruments for asserting their national interests and defining their sovereignty, provided they had learned how to play by the specific rules of the international organisation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though the practical outcomes of multilateral cooperation always remained meagre, the analysis of the process of negotiation reveals the progressive and incomplete, but real, empowerment of both organisations, either by further integration or by foreign policy coordination.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases the smaller members started to use the institutional infrastructure as an opportunity to counteract asymmetrical bilateral relations with the Soviet Union and tried to turn the Soviet Bloc's economic and foreign policy into a joint venture.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1960s both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact began to develop from empty shells into functioning international organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is also an important element of an international organisation, which in the cases of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact had mostly political and diplomatic aspects and was unrelated to the weak economic and military results of both organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resistance to Soviet proposals created a conflict that eventually benefited both Eastern European governments and the organisation itself.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The secretariat benefited from COMECON's position in the Cold War symbolic competition and from the supranational crisis of 1962-1964, which fragmented the political system of the Bloc and increased the scope for bureaucratic autonomy.83”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the institutionalisation of COMECON was by no means matched within the Warsaw Pact, both organisations started to function in a more sophisticated manner.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their attempt to thwart the reforms, which they regarded as an impingement on their sovereignty, the Romanians contributed considerably to its transformation by increasing the self-consciousness of its members and by triggering a debate on the purpose of the organisation, the manner of decision making and the role of sovereignty.77”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence, the other members started to reflect critically on the nature of both organisations, which in turn contributed to their transformation into increasingly multilateral organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact's model remained a capitalist international organisation, rather than a communist predecessor, such as COMINFORM, which is never mentioned in the Warsaw Pact documents, or even a communist contemporary, such as COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Kremlin tolerated this increased assertiveness for two reasons.First, neither of the organisations were intended as coercive instruments.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of COMECON, this manifested itself in a certain amount of integration of the national economies, whereas there was a drive towards further foreign policy coordination within the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Romanian negotiating tactics were certainly more aggressive than those of other members, but the increased assertiveness vis-à-vis the Kremlin was certainly not a Romanian prerogative, as is generally assumed.79”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The references to the Western model of integration seem to suggest a certain amount of convergence between Eastern and Western Europe.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The process of multilateralisation thus culminated in a degree of 'multilateralism', defined as 'the practice of coordinating national policies in groups of three or more states'.82”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It established itself as a collective actor in front of its member states' governments in the second half of the decade and overstepped its administrative prerogatives to act increasingly politically, embodying the international organisation towards its member states' governments as well as Western institutions.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These are, in fact, different sides of the same coin, since in both cases there was an increased acceptance of some new central authority, which was neither synonymous with the Soviet Union, nor imposed by force, but which represented the Bloc towards the outside world.81”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second half of the decade witnessed further emancipation of the smaller members and of the organisations themselves.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mere existence of these international organisations began to normalise relations within the Soviet Bloc, giving the so-called 'satellites' an input in decision making within the Bloc.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Romanian opposition often sparked dissent among other members, all members began to instrumentalise the international organisation and the debates about its activity and usefulness in order to obtain some room for manoeuvre from the Soviet Union in defining their foreign policy.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eventually, strengthening COMECON met the interests both of the Soviet Union -as the alliance leader -and of the communist regimes at a global level.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confronted by the dual threats of the potential nuclearisation of the FRG and the Sino-Soviet split, all Warsaw Pact members had a vested interest in closing ranks on the theme of European security.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that a Romanian leader actually wanted to convene the alliance was unprecedented.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was, however, a push towards foreign policy coordination, which also implied the capacity to act collectively.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The internal momentum of the Warsaw Pact was such that the Romanian leadership could not prevent this drive de facto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the Warsaw Pact was still less empowered as a collective actor than COMECON de jure, it had developed a stronger impetus on that score de facto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the EEC's existence was only officially acknowledged by the Soviet Union in 1972, it worked in fact earlier as a paradoxical driving force for the integration of COMECON.98”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This in itself points to a normalisation of interstate relations, as well as an attempt to enter into a dialogue with the West.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in self-awareness, the growing sense of identity and, ironically, the joint opposition to Romania had already contributed to a sense of common purpose.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It proved its partners' internationalist outlook to the Soviet Union and served the national economic interests of the People's Democracies' governments in their global, East-West, development strategies.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It facilitated the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in 1975 and the ensuing Helsinki Process, and it created a certain balance in the Cold War with the Warsaw Pact as a counterweight to NATO, which was an important aspect of détente.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presenting this treaty in the name of the Warsaw Pact would enable its members to present a united front to the rest of the world and thus to exert more influence on the negotiations with the United States.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian leadership had learnt a lesson from COMECON and succeeded in preventing the establishment of a secretariat within the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact had thus eventually become more unified than NATO, which had failed to rally the FRG and France behind the treaty.101”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [101]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian leaders preferred to keep a finger in the pie by attending all meetings instead and thwarting most of them, thus indirectly acknowledging the merit of the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NATO practices had, by now, circulated within the Eastern Bloc and become an example to the Romanians.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These developments allowed both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact to turn into collective actors and also facilitated the appearance on the global stage of their individual members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was no similar process of integration within the Warsaw Pact, which, as a military-political alliance, lent itself less to integration, even though COMECON's integration of its military industries was, according to recent findings, the most successful.99”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [99]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The multilateralisation of the Warsaw Pact had enabled the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members to autonomously agree on a Declaration on European Security and to present a united front vis-à-vis NATO.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have, instead, offered an interpretation which shows that these organisations institutionalised, multilateralised and enhanced rather than undermined the sovereignty of their members, while providing them with an unprecedented scope for manoeuvre.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sharp division between Romania and the rest (also called 'the one' versus 'the six' in the archives) is remarkable for two reasons: on the one hand it proves that a medium-sized country like Romania could veto proposals that were supported by all other Warsaw Pact members, including the Soviet Union, and on the other hand it shows that all other states were keen to transfer some of their”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Facilitated by the existence of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact, the former 'empire of coercion' 108 moved into a more enlightened direction, which contributed to a normalisation of international relations on both sides of the Iron Curtain.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They were both created in reaction to 'others' and relied on confrontation with the outside world to legitimate their existence.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conflict was neither their weakness nor a sign of malfunction of an imperial system, but their strength, and as such can be considered a learning moment, which made them resemble their Western counterparts.107”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [107]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Created as agents of Cold War competition, COMECON and the Warsaw Pact had to deal with the Western World.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This empowered them and opened, at the same time, the black box of international communist cooperation, which finally weakened both organisations until they completely disappeared in 1991.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economic and military-political cooperation fostered by COMECON and the Warsaw Pact had little interest in itself and was not attractive enough to keep going after the fall of the Berlin Wall, unlike NATO and the EEC.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that both organisations borrowed so much from the West shows the intrinsic weakness of the communist system.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the 1960s onwards Soviet Bloc economic and foreign policy was no longer a sole Soviet prerogative, but also to some extent a joint venture.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paradoxically, the Cold War was a condition for their existence and simultaneously an element of their progressive disqualification.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON and the Warsaw Pact fulfil enough criteria of a fully-fledged international organisation to be studied as such and for their own merit.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“their mere existence enhanced the sovereignty of their members, which in turn reinforced the functioning of each organisation as an international interstate organisation, and, simultaneously, as a collective actor.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The archival sources consulted in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Geneva and Rome are sufficiently representative and reliable to support the article's conclusions about COMECON and the Warsaw Pact.
“Our analysis is therefore primarily empirical and relies on wide-ranging archival research in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Rome and Geneva.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact have always been studied separately.
“Although both organisations have always been studied separately, the Warsaw Pact's evolution followed a similar pattern to that of COMECON.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
“In the first PCC meeting in 1956 it was decided that a secretariat and a committee of foreign ministers should be established, but in fact this never materialised.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
“By 1975 the negotiations on European security also resulted in the establishment of the hotly contested committee of foreign ministers”
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Metadata
- Authors
- CRUMP, L., & GODARD, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- ORCID
- GODARD, SIMON
- Venue
- Contemporary European History
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-12-14
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-109
- ISSN
- 0960-7773 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2171
- OpenAlex
- W2773175411
- Semantic Scholar
- 07a7364786e2e905019ced9b17d245eb341300c8
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Contemporary European History (publishedVersion)
- HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Eastern European Communism and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Keywords
- Comecon, Warsaw Pact, Cold War, Soviet bloc, multilateralism, institutionalization, collective action, balance of power, Eastern Europe, European Economic Community, NATO
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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