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Reassessing Communist International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors
Open accessAbstract
This article widens the analysis of international organisations by including communist organisations, in particular the Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). Drawing on archival research in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Geneva and Rome, this article traces the origins, the evolution and the collective actorness of both organisations. Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact went through a process of institutionalisation, reorganisation and multilateralisation and began to share many characteristics with their Western counterparts, such as the European Economic Community and NATO. Contrary to conventional wisdom these organisations thus developed into multilateral international organisations, which the other members could use to challenge Soviet unilateralism. Comparing COMECON and the Warsaw Pact with each other and with their Western counterparts, this article shows how these Eastern European international organisations contributed to shifting the balance of power within the Soviet Bloc by empowering their members as sovereign states and themselves as collective actors.
Overview
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TL;DR
This article argues that COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were not merely Soviet “empty shells” or transmission belts, but developed into multilateral international organisations that empowered smaller member states and themselves as collective actors. Comparing them with Western counterparts such as the EEC and NATO, it traces their institutionalisation, multilateralisation, and foreign-policy coordination, especially during the 1960s.
Key findings
- Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact underwent institutionalisation, multilateralisation, and later integration or foreign-policy coordination, increasingly resembling Western organisations such as the EEC and NATO; their smaller members used them to challenge Soviet unilateralism and assert sovereignty.
- COMECON was founded in January 1949 with six members, initially by press release and without a treaty; its secretariat grew from 72 experts in 1957 to 156 in 1962 and 645 in 1967. Romania helped block Khrushchev’s proposed “unified planning organ,” and in 1966 Kosygin acknowledged that “COMECON is not a supranational organ.”
- The Warsaw Pact was founded on 14 May 1955, five days after West Germany joined NATO, and was closely modelled on the North Atlantic Treaty; it initially had only a Political Consultative Committee and no secretariat. Romania vetoed a secretariat and foreign ministers’ committee, but by 1969 members agreed on a defence committee, and in 1975 a committee of foreign ministers was established.
- The Warsaw Pact’s multilateralisation enabled it to act collectively: it presented a European Security Conference proposal to NATO in March 1969, and the NPT was signed in July 1968 with Romanian input. Both organisations collapsed in 1991—COMECON on 28 June and the Warsaw Pact on 1 July—after borrowing heavily from Western models.
Methods
- Comparative historical analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War competitors, drawing on archival research in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Geneva, and Rome.
- The article uses criteria of international organisations—multilateral bodies, commonly agreed rules, sovereign states joining voluntarily, preferably through a treaty—as a yardstick to measure how far COMECON and the Warsaw Pact developed into international organisations.
- It focuses empirically on the debates and reforms of the 1960s, tracing origins, evolution, and collective actorness through processes of institutionalisation, multilateralisation, integration, and foreign policy coordination.
Limitations
- The authors state that communist international organisations did not have the same raison d’être as Western organisations: they were created in reaction to “others,” relied on confrontation with the outside world to legitimate their existence, and were not attractive enough to continue after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
- The paper itself notes that the Cold War was both a condition for their existence and an element of their progressive disqualification, and that COMECON and the Warsaw Pact collapsed because they were copying a more successful prototype.
- Evident from the text: the analysis is primarily qualitative and archival, with no formal quantitative testing; it concentrates on the 1960s and selected archives, so the comparative claims rest on process-tracing rather than systematic outcome measurement.
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Claims the paper makes
133 Own interpretation · 77 Sources not found · 61 Own result · 18 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet
In the paper
“Contrary to conventional wisdom, 25 coordinating its members' foreign trade with the West was the first mission of COMECON mentioned in its founding conference on 5 January 1949.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In December 1950 the Polish representative to the COMECON bureau, G. Ruszanski, rejected the international coordination of the national production programmes.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“The Kremlin itself gave the impetus for a new type of multilateral cooperation by strengthening the institutional structure of the organisation in the second half of the 1950s.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“After the Moscow economic conference of April 1952 Soviet interest in East-West trade decreased.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Already in January 1949 the Polish and Czechoslovak governments had redrafted the first Soviet project for COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“Polish vice-prime minister, Hilary Minc, and Rudolf Slánsky, the first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, successfully transformed the planned 'Council of Economic Coordination' (which implied binding cooperation) into a more flexible 'Council for Mutual Economic Assistance'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“This aspect of the alliance was far more centralised under the guise of the 'statute of the Unified Command', which was founded several months later, and supervised by a Soviet supreme commander.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
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In the paper
“Romania took advantage of this limitation of Soviet influence and rephrased Moscow's proposal as describing a 'supranational' planning organ.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“In this vein, Khrushchev mentioned for the first time his wish to see the establishment of a 'unified planning organ' for the whole bloc in a speech delivered in November 1962 to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“During this period the Soviet Union gave a second impetus to international economic cooperation in the framework of COMECON, in order to promote closer collaboration aiming at the coordination not only of foreign trade but also of production itself.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“not only did the secretary of the Council positively respond in 1959 to a British publisher willing to include a section on COMECON in its 1960's edition of a Europa Yearbook, 59”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“the Soviet Union and its partners were warned by their own representatives at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) about the necessity to communicate common economic achievements.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“In 1962 the Soviet director of the 'steel, engineering and housing' division of the ECE, Ivan Iliushenko, urged COMECON representatives to participate in the ECE publications.60”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The Warsaw Treaty, did, however, substitute the terms 'friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance' for the 'principles of democracy' and 'individual liberty', 46 using semantics developed earlier in COMECON's founding documents.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
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In the paper
“This East-West flow of information was established in the early 1960s by COMECON and the ECE for Western observers.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“At the same time, the Polish permanent representative at COMECON, Piotr Jaroszewicz, informed his Czechoslovak and East German counterparts that he had threatened the Soviet Union with a withdrawal of Poland from COMECON if the organisation 'did not satisfy the legitimate interest of the majority of its countries'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
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In the paper
“The 'basic principles' promoted specialisation of the production as a new goal for COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The Romanian members, for example, considered it a unique opportunity to make their voices heard at future conferences.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Brezhnev's prediction that the new organs would 'already be formed in 1966' proved wildly optimistic.70”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The Romanian delegates nevertheless continued to veto the foundation of a foreign ministers' committee.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“There was, however, a push behind the scenes for a reorganisation of the Warsaw Pact as a political alliance.67”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“This also meant that all its organs should be consultative rather than deliberative, leaving it up to the 'government in question' to decide on its foreign policy.75”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The Romanian foreign ministry composed a careful analysis of the Warsaw Pact in 1966 to counter this tendency.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“All other members agreed with the Poles, who argued that the Romanian leaders were threatening 'to paralyse the alliance and transform its organs into noncommittal discussion clubs'.74”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Both before and during the meeting the Romanian first secretary, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, and the Polish foreign minister, Adam Rapacki, opposed the Mongolian application, which was strongly supported by the Kremlin.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Its members even used the same legalistic arguments to defy Moscow.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“However, by 1969 the Kremlin and all Warsaw Pact members agreed on the establishment of a defence committee on intergovernmental terms.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“From 1960 onwards the dynamics within the Warsaw Pact also began to change.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The Romanian delegation to the Warsaw Pact was even instructed that the proposed reforms contradicted 'the Warsaw Treaty and the principles on which the relations between sovereign and independent states are based'.76”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Shortly after Khrushchev was ousted the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members resolved the stalemate by agreeing to convene the deputy foreign ministers instead of the PCC in December 1964.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Some of them, primarily the East Germans and the Poles, nevertheless preferred the Warsaw Pact to act more as one body, representing the Soviet Bloc.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Instead of the very sporadic PCC summit meetings in the first ten years of its existence, its members convened regularly at different levels of representation in order to discuss the reorganisation of the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The latter considered this a way to have a stake in the preparation of the PCC meeting that would take place a month later, thus forestalling many East German or Soviet initiatives.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“This time it found itself isolated.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“Brezhnev even stated explicitly that he wanted to turn the alliance into a 'genuine, rather than a formal counterpart of NATO'.72”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“This reference to the ECE and its secretary general was replaced in the second half of the 1960s by a more frequent reference to the EEC model.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The first factual change to the Warsaw Pact proceedings was at a PCC meeting in July 1963, when Mongolia's leader, Yumjagin Tsedenbal, who had joined COMECON a year earlier, applied to join the Warsaw Pact to gain Soviet protection against Chinese territorial claims.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“The staff of international civil servants employed by COMECON increased quickly from seventy-two experts in 1957 to 156 in 1962 and 645 in 1967.64”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“This was a compromise between the East Germans and the Romanians.69”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
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In the paper
“In March 1970 the secretary of COMECON even officially asked his counterpart at the ECE for information about the organisation of the international administration in Geneva.87”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This explains the Polish and Hungarian delegations' strategy between 1968 and 1971 at COMECON, which, unlike in the 1950s, linked the strengthening of international cooperation with the reinforcement of their national development strategies.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Romanian opposition did, however, often trigger the dynamics of dissent.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secretariat of COMECON, which represented the international organisation on the global stage, attempted to showcase the success or the failure of socialist international integration.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In fact, the archival records show that the Romanian leaders often regarded the attitude of the other small member states, mainly Poland and the GDR, as a greater impediment to furthering their national interest than the Kremlin.78”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secretariat was not supranational, since it had no power to impose its decisions on the member states.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Western actors even promoted the circulation of ideas by offering scholarships to Polish or Hungarian economists to study in the United States or in the United Kingdom.88”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1965 most Warsaw Pact members therefore considered the alliance a useful instrument to present the Warsaw Pact's draft of a non-proliferation treaty (NPT) in the UN in October 1965.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most striking example was the GDR, which was for the first time de facto recognised when NATO accepted the Warsaw Pact proposal for a European Security Conference, according to which East Germany was a 'sovereign' member of the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The Hungarian party leader János Kádár even considered it a 'crying shame' that the Warsaw Pact did not manage to 'get together and consult' the way 'NATO countries' did. 100”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [100]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“This option was analogous to the French withdrawal from NATO's military structures, and the Romanians were indeed in close touch with the French throughout the process.103”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [103]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This culminated in the GDR's participation as sovereign country in the negotiations preceding the CSCE.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first striking aspect in the institutionalisation and reorganisation of both organisations is that they explicitly used Western international organisations as their point of reference.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Romanian dissidence was such that the Kremlin explicitly left the option of withdrawing from the alliance's military structures open to the Romanians.102”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [102]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 1975 the negotiations on European security also resulted in the establishment of the hotly contested committee of foreign ministers, which had as its primary aim the coordination of Warsaw Pact policy during the CSCE.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Warsaw took a still tougher stance and even proposed to expel Romania from the organisation (instead of threatening to leave the alliance itself, as it did in COMECON).104”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [104]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Warsaw Pact countries presented a proposal on a European Security Conference to NATO in March 1969.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lacking a secretariat and a committee of foreign ministers, the Warsaw Pact's empowerment as a collective actor was not as formally enshrined as in COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This first feat of the Warsaw Pact as a collective actor was immediately successful, since NATO ultimately accepted its proposal for a European Security Conference.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 1965 and 1969 many Warsaw Pact meetings were convened to form a common front on the issue of a European Security Conference, which was originally a Polish proposal.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian delegation nevertheless vetoed approving the non-proliferation treaty so as to prevent the Warsaw Pact from acting as a supranational organisation, which could impinge on Romanian sovereignty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By 1954, when the Soviet Union reactivated the official activity of COMECON, the comparison between this organisation and its Western counterparts -the OEEC and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) -was clearly in favour of the latter.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This defies the conventional characterisation of these organisations as 'empty shells', 'Soviet transmission belts' or instruments of Soviet coercion.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The organisation thus mirrored the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), created in 1948 to sustain European economic recovery with the help of American capital.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides, the Kremlin never unilaterally imposed its views on the organisation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to conventional wisdom these organisations thus developed into multilateral international organisations, which the other members could use to challenge Soviet unilateralism.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This process transformed both organisations from dormant platforms to more 'regular' international organisations, which shed most of their specifically communist features.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They thus began to fulfil enough of the abovementioned criteria of 'international organisations' to be considered as such, however imperfectly.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing COMECON and the Warsaw Pact with each other and with their Western counterparts, this article shows how these Eastern European international organisations contributed to shifting the balance of power within the Soviet Bloc by empowering their members as sovereign states and themselves as collective actors.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the Council became an essential actor in the reorientation of trade flows in Europe.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They were, as such also instrumental in contributing to their members' 'emancipation' from the Soviet Union.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“On the contrary: the mere existence of the organisation had provided its members with an instrument to challenge Soviet unilateralism.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“However, elaborating on its weak institutional structure, its apparent lack of concrete outcomes and the fact that the session had not been convened between 1950 and 1954, Randall Stone has shown how the incoherent attitude of the Soviet bureaucracy toward the organisation benefited the People's Democracies in shaping their own development strategies.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The rejection of any supranational evolution of COMECON by Romania was another element of the 'national communism' developed by the country in the 1960s.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Soviet Union could accordingly not afford public dispute and deadlock in the negotiations with its partners.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One day before concluding the Austrian State Treaty, which declared Austria neutral, the Kremlin clearly signalled that such neutrality was not an option to the prospective members of the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since COMECON was founded six years before the Warsaw Pact, it began to gain momentum before the Warsaw Pact did.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, in mirroring the economic cooperation organised at the OEEC and the EEC, COMECON was a showcase of the international Cold War competition.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The governments of the People's Democracies managed to shift the balance of power in their favour.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As responses to Western developments, both organisations mirrored their respective alter ego in the West.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their institutionalisation and the professionalisation of their agents reinforced the member states' sovereignty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both organisations did, however, witness an apparently latent existence in the first five years of their existence, when their characterisation as 'empty shells' seems to some extent understandable.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the international closing-off of the bloc enforced by Moscow constrained their foreign policies, the governments of the People's Democracies regarded Khrushchev's proposal as a useful faux pas, of which they could take advantage.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The development within COMECON began to have an impact on the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The zeal to institutionalise the alliance prevailed over Marxist-Leninist rhetoric.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to COMECON, the Warsaw Pact's actual practices, rather than its institutions, changed.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The side effect of the multilateralisation of COMECON was a clear strengthening of its administrative organs.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although both organisations have always been studied separately, the Warsaw Pact's evolution followed a similar pattern to that of COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact have always been studied separately.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This technical autonomy, as well as the consecutive development of a bureaucratic culture specific to the secretariat of COMECON, were crucial elements of the multilateralisation of the organisation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confronted with the obvious inability of the organisation to develop international cooperation projects, several members did not hesitate to take Western international organisations as models.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, too, closing ranks was more important to the Kremlin than coercion.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Western European organisations active in the field of economics were thus officially criticised on a political basis but unofficially analysed as economical and institutional successes, which COMECON and its members had to take into account in conceptualising the goals and means of their collaboration.63”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The more room for manoeuvre it enjoyed, the more it normalised the image of the Soviet Bloc's international relations in the eyes of Western observers.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, its staff had turned it into an autonomous reservoir of expertise on international economic cooperation.84”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Like Western international organisations, COMECON became 'a resource place for political leaders aware of the economic vulnerability of their country'.94”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The discursive parallel with the EEC, the emergence of the concept of 'common interest of the member states' 93 in COMECON debates and the growing importance among its member states' governments of the discourse on COMECON's embodiment of the socialist 'community', indicate its progressive empowerment.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This circulation of administrative models and best practices between COMECON and the ECE helped the former achieve international recognition.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mutual interest in this united front created room for dissent.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Kremlin's desire to foster the image of cohesion within the Soviet Bloc facilitated the multilateralisation of both organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This helped legitimise socialist economic cooperation in front of parallel processes of regional integration, such as the economic and political integration of the EEC countries.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, this evolution served the national interest of the People's Democracies.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, closing ranks and promoting the organisations as showcases of communist solidarity had become the Soviet priority in the face of increasing international tensions.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, paradoxically, the empowerment of the Council as a collective actor mainly came from the introduction of the EEC model as an informal reference in the second half of the 1960s.90”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, within the Bloc itself, the member states' governments clearly regarded it in the economic interest of their national development to adopt the same goals at COMECON level, which the EEC pursued.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first half of the 1960s thus witnessed the empowerment of smaller members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was, however, all the more potent in facilitating and legitimising the foreign policy goals of its members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The process that led to the Warsaw Pact proposal of the European Security Conference had already enabled an increased amount of East-West trade and contacts between Warsaw Pact and NATO members, who could now move independently from the Soviet Union on the global scene.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CSCE did not facilitate increased scope for manoeuvre of the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members, as is often assumed, but the other way around.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in COMECON, there was accordingly a push for the Warsaw Pact to become more similar to its Western alter ego by functioning as a collective actor.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was the first time that the Warsaw Pact operated as a collective actor, and it represented a breakthrough in terms of European security, too.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was crucial at a time when the repression of the Prague Spring had overruled the tolerance for market socialism in the communist parties' international rhetoric.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus the countries, which had introduced liberal economic reforms in 1968, legitimised their national non-orthodox economic models via a COMECON-detour.97”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [97]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dynamics of dissent had been an important learning moment: all members had begun to realise that negotiating and compromising could best serve their interests.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This option was analogous to the French withdrawal from NATO's military structures, and the Romanians were indeed in close touch with the French throughout the process.103”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [103]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the Soviet Union, considering its role as a superpower, had to condone compromises within both organisations, even though they were not in its interest as a member state of the alliance.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Strengthening COMECON was part of a national strategy for second-rank economic powers to gain room for manoeuvre vis-à-vis their partners and Moscow in implementing their plans for national development.96”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact's evolution into a collective actor was a turning point in the Cold War.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first step towards the Warsaw Pact acting collectively was nevertheless made: the Kremlin had involved its members in the decision making.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It facilitated the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in 1975 and the ensuing Helsinki Process, and it created a certain balance in the Cold War with the Warsaw Pact as a counterweight to NATO, which was an important aspect of détente.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like COMECON, the Warsaw Pact developed into a 'resource' for its smaller members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they did not function as mega-politburos in which democratic centralism and Moscow alone defined the rules, such as in COMINTERN or COMINFORM.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was the first time that the Warsaw Pact operated as a collective actor, and it represented a breakthrough in terms of European security, too.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that NATO took the Warsaw Pact seriously as its Eastern counterpart was unprecedented.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian leaders began to realise that the Warsaw Pact paradoxically provided them with a useful instrument to further their own interests.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that the dynamics of dissent was at work in organisations on both sides of the Iron Curtain in itself proves that COMECON and the Warsaw Pact had developed important characteristics of international organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The tension between the Soviet Union as a global actor in an ideological struggle and as a European state created room for manoeuvre for the smaller People's Democracies in the Eastern Bloc.106”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [106]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The more they strove to function as 'regular' international organisations, the more they diverged from the communist master narrative, which should have prevailed in the end.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the process rather than the outcome, we can conclude that international relations in Eastern Europe from the 1960s onwards were not as anomalous as has been assumed to date.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dynamics of dissent contributed to the multilateralisation of both organisations in Eastern Europe as it did in Western Europe at the same moment: faced with crises in all these organisations the superpowers on both sides of the Iron Curtain were compelled to acknowledge the input of the other member states, while occasionally sacrificing their own national interest in the process.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unexpected output of the awareness of the member states towards each organisation is, accordingly, a reinforcement of their sovereignty, rather than its restriction.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The attempted convergence with their Western competitors paved the way for their own collapse.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the main limits of comparison between 'regular' and communist international organisations lies in the fact that communist international organisations did not have the same raison d'être as the Western organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Learning to play by its rules, even in order to limit the powers of the organisation, was a way for smaller countries to resist Soviet influence over their national sovereignty, particularly in the field of foreign policy.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gradual 'normalisation' of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact and their increased contacts with the West since the 1970s thus inadvertently challenged the socialist model.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With hindsight this also explains why virtually all members of the Eastern European international organisations, apart from the Soviet Union itself, ultimately joined their more successful Western counterparts, such as the EEC and NATO.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Vojtech Mastny's claim about the Warsaw Pact's perennial 'search for a purpose' thus also applies to COMECON.109”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As soon as its raison d'être disappears or is perceived to disappear, it is susceptible to collapse.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reorganisation of both organisations was accordingly to a large extent a joint venture, in which the Western concepts of 'supranationalism' and 'integration' were contested and redefined in the interest of the other members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fate of both organisations also teaches us that the existence of an international organisation cannot be taken for granted, something which is acutely relevant today.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This dynamic transformed each organisation into an agent of the international relations' system in the Eastern Bloc.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to the existing historiography that characterises these organisations as passive diplomatic forums, we argue that there is a performative dynamic of the international discourse shaped in COMECON and in the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 48
- It may state two separate claims as one. 123
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Council was soon joined by Albania and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1950 and remained, until the adhesion of Mongolia in 1962, an explicitly European organisation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the 'modus operandi' of these Eastern European organisations also changed in the 1960s, and some members even began to view them as an instrument to increase their scope for manoeuvre, both within the Eastern Bloc and on the global stage.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proposal for its foundation was presented as a joint Soviet-Romanian initiative and largely redrafted by Polish and Czechoslovak representatives.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was the first intergovernmental international organisation in the Soviet Bloc to promote and institutionalise multilateral exchanges between Moscow and the People's Democracies of Eastern Europe.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, the Soviet Union had neither the clear intention nor the necessary resources to steer and to finance the common economic development of its allies in 1949 and, as a consequence, did not consider COMECON the cornerstone of an alternative socialist economic sphere, at least until the late 1950s.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“No treaty elaborating in a more solemn way and at the highest political level the purpose and the legal status of the organisation was signed, and COMECON was given a very light institutional structure.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“COMECON fulfilled its main task in helping Eastern European economies recover after the War as well as maintaining and increasing their trade relations with the West.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When it was established in January 1949 it counted only six members: the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Between 1950 and 1954 the COMECON bureau adopted the principle of free exchange of patents, agreed on clearing agreements, discussed systems of pricing negotiations and established models of international trade agreements.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the first PCC meeting in 1956 it was decided that a secretariat and a committee of foreign ministers should be established, but in fact this never materialised.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the organisation's institutions were officially strengthened by the transformation of the bureau into an Executive Committee in 1962 and by the merging of all standing commission's secretariats, disseminated all over Eastern Europe, with the secretariat in Moscow.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Western observers monitored its activity in order to find arguments proving that the organisation was a mere Soviet transmission belt and to delegitimise the discourse on the solidarity of the socialist world.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both countries were very active in defining more precisely the 'principle of interest', 55 so that a country that did not really want to participate in a common project could not block the agreement achieved by its partners.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the 'principle of interest', unanimous approval was required since 1949 within COMECON, and Bucharest was thus able to veto every proposal.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON members -except Romania -initially endorsed Khrushchev's proposal, but the debate rapidly escalated into open conflict.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The military dimension of the Warsaw Pact, with which it is usually associated, was, in fact, 'separate from the treaty', and it would lead a largely parallel existence.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This was the second intergovernmental international organisation founded under Soviet auspices, although the idea for the foundation of a multilateral alliance in the Soviet Bloc was in fact a Polish one.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Paris Agreements and the enlargement of NATO had created a strong mutual Eastern European interest in closing ranks, and, contrary to conventional wisdom, the Warsaw Pact members welcomed its foundation and even had an input in drafting the treaty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meeting of the permanent representatives was institutionalised in 1957 and took place at least twice a month to steer the activity of COMECON's organs.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It gained momentum in the 1970s, following the publication in Geneva and Vienna in 1964 and 1965 of books about COMECON written by its secretary Nikolaï Fadeev, and the cross participation of experts in both organisations' technical meetings, until NATO started to convene annual academic meetings about COMECON and its evolution in 1977.61”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Soviet leadership rose to this challenge by founding its own alliance five days later during a conference with its Eastern European allies in Warsaw.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to France's strategy of the 'empty chair', used to oppose any supranational evolution of the EEC in 1965-1966, Romania participated in all COMECON projects between 1962 and 1964.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of a secretariat within the Warsaw Pact would prove a highly contested issue in the 1960s, at the time when COMECON's administrative staff expanded.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Romania had a very legalistic approach and claimed to act according to commonly adopted principles of socialist cooperation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to COMECON, the Warsaw Pact initially only consisted of a Political Consultative Committee (PCC), apparently analogous to NATO's North Atlantic Council, and lacked any other institutional infrastructure, such as a secretariat or a body of civil servants.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The secretariat received additional staff resources and in 1956 COMECON started to create a series of standing commissions dealing with specific branches of the economy.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact's PCC only convened every other year in this period and apart from that the organisation was largely inactive.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, their members consented to join and even had input in the founding documents.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This legal guerrilla warfare gave the final blow to the 'unified planning organ' in 1964, before Alexei Kosygin, a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, chairman of the Council of Ministers and father of the 1965 Soviet economic reform, acknowledged in 1966 that 'COMECON is not a supranational organ'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in COMECON, the Kremlin withdrew from the debate, and the disagreements between primarily the East German and the Romanian party leaders led to a stalemate until Khrushchev's ouster in October 1964.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While discussing whether or not COMECON should develop into a supranational planning commission, its members implemented a radical transformation of its institutions.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ensuing debates lasted more than a decade.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, within COMECON a consensus was emerging at the same time, under Polish leadership, on abolishing the right of veto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Romanian leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, was, ironically, the only one to point out that NATO was, after all, a 'capitalist' alliance and that communist equality should not be based on a wide range of organs which curtail sovereignty.73”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Khrushchev ultimately relented and the Romanian leadership compared this victory to its 'very big success' at COMECON, where they had 'succeeded in making [the Kremlin] retreat' in terms of the 'common planning organ', which would have 'implications concerning sovereignty, independence etc.' 66”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He was backed by the new Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev, who seemed more willing than his predecessor to assume the initiative, and who even proposed establishing a committee of defence ministers too, just like in NATO.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Virtually all members, apart from the Romanians, were striving to mirror the Warsaw Pact still more after NATO and decried the fact that the Warsaw Pact did not have a headquarters, a secretariat or a committee of foreign or defence ministers.71”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Appealing to the treaty's focus on Europe, they argued that it would shift the Warsaw Pact's emphasis from European security to a global conflict, by fuelling the Sino-Soviet split.65”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to COMECON, the institutional structure of the Warsaw Pact did not expand during this period; on the contrary, even the PCC seemed paralysed.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under pressure from both the Sino-Soviet split and the second Berlin Crisis, the Kremlin's interest in maintaining a united front was soon exploited in the early 1960s, first by the Albanian first secretary, Enver Hoxha, who chose to leave the alliance de facto, and then by the East German first secretary, Walter Ulbricht, who convened the Warsaw Pact in early August 1961 to legitimise the build”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1957 the Soviet permanent representative, Sergei Pervushin, already stated that 'the situation at COMECON is such that if the secretaries were to die, nobody would notice.The secretariat should take Myrdal and his secretariat in Geneva as an example, see how exemplarily it works, whereas we do a bad job.' 62”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Berlin in particular strove to create a secretariat and a foreign ministers committee, as well to agree on more regular PCC meetings.68”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis imported the terms from the simultaneous crisis within NATO (thus also using NATO as a point of reference), by arguing that decision making within the Warsaw Pact should take place in an intergovernmental manner and that 'the creation of a supranational organism', such as a foreign ministers committee, was 'unacceptable'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ulbricht therefore pushed again for the reorganisation of the alliance at the PCC meeting in January 1965, and proposed to finally establish the secretariat and the committee of foreign ministers that had been agreed on in 1956.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After the Mongolian episode the PCC did not convene until January 1965, although this, too, was mainly the responsibility of the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proposals were supported, but not initiated, by the Kremlin and vetoed by the Romanian leaders, who regarded them as an encroachment on their sovereignty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stressing that 'we must find solutions for strengthening unity', Soviet politburo member Yuri Andropov even conceded to several Romanian demands about the Warsaw Pact and COMECON in 1963.80”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“COMECON secretary, Nikolai Fadeev, stated in 1963 that 'the”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Working for COMECON also became a distinctive characteristic among diplomats.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Gomułka used the same reference in 1966 to urge his partners to engage in closer cooperation if they did not want to be left alone in their negotiations with Western European countries, 91 who were increasingly represented by the sole EEC Commission in trade negotiations.92”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both countries thus promoted, and achieved, a new reform of COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the Warsaw Pact members wanted the organisation to become as much like NATO as possible, apart from the Romanians, who ironically had the closest relations with NATO members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON representatives acknowledged this circulation of models of regional integration but rejected the idea of a convergence between international organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“COMECON agents repeatedly asserted a specific professionalisation and refused to be equated with diplomats working in embassies. 85”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Khrushchev mentioned for the first time in 1963 the important economic results achieved by the EEC in a speech held at COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recognition of the GDR by the UN in 1973 formalised its recognition and confirmed the growing tendency to regard the GDR as an autonomous actor.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Rezsö Nyers, Hungarian permanent representative at COMECON, 'the integration, which is unfolding before their eyes in other parts of the world -particularly in Western Europe -represents a force to which the smaller socialist countries can only oppose an equivalent economic potential if they cooperate more intensely than before with each other and with the Soviet Union'.95”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [95]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The organisation was assigned the task to implement the 'integration' of its member states' national economies and, de facto, to promote the establishment of a common socialist market mirroring the economic integration shaped by the EEC in Western Europe.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was an urgent push for a common foreign policy, which ultimately proved irresistible to the Romanians too: referring to the meetings on the NPT within NATO, the Romanian leader Ceauşescu convened the PCC in March 1968 in order to discuss the NPT.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Openly professing its lack of commitment to the alliance, Ceauşescu initially breached Warsaw Pact policy on the Vietnam War, by supporting the Chinese rather than the Soviet stance, establishing diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany behind the back of its allies and siding with Israel rather than Palestine in the Six Day War in 1967.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the time the treaty was signed in July 1968, the Romanian leadership was so satisfied with its input that it voluntarily decided to sign the NPT, which indeed contained a few Romanian proposals, together with its allies.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the same reason the Romanian leadership had thwarted the proposals to create a committee of foreign ministers, which was explicitly modelled after NATO practice.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON had integrated still further in the second half of the 1960s, but the Warsaw Pact had at least stopped from disintegrating further.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to Warsaw and Budapest, COMECON countries had no choice but to entrust the organisation with the introduction of market incentives in their economic relations, in order to meet the challenge of the common market.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian members were, however, so anxious to prevent being subjected to a Warsaw Pact foreign policy, that they had successfully blocked any attempt to create a secretariat within the Warsaw Pact exactly to avoid a development similar to the one in COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1966-1967 the Romanian government nevertheless still succeeded in undermining the Warsaw Pact's capability to act collectively.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that COMECON and the Warsaw Pact collapsed half a year before the Soviet Union did, on 28 June and 1 July 1991 respectively,”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the second half of the 1980s there was even a push in both organisations to adopt still more characteristics from their Western counterparts, such a 'common COMECON market' within COMECONfoot_6 and the shift 'from an offensive to a defensive strategy' within the Warsaw Pact.111”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON was created under the influence of the Cold War as a direct and political answer to the Marshall Plan.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both of these were indeed international monolithic organisations, dominated by the Soviet Union.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resolution of this crisis proves that both organisations evolved into institutions which learnt to cope with dissent and diverging national interests, and which developed the potential to operate as collective actors.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, a circulation of models of international organisations can be observed in the Cold War, which proves the convergence not only of Eastern and Western European societies and economies but also reveals a conscious effort in both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact to adopt characteristics of their Western counterparts.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The political urgency of its establishment and the lack of concrete economic motivation were shown by the fact that the organisation was launched by a mere press release.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the Soviet Union was dominant and its economic support very important to its allies, Moscow did not rule COMECON alone.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We nevertheless suggest that this crisis was pivotal for the evolution of the organisations, creating a 'dynamics of dissent', which caused both the organisations and their members to emancipate themselves to some extent from the Soviet grip.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact went through a process of institutionalisation, reorganisation and multilateralisation and began to share many characteristics with their Western counterparts, such as the European Economic Community and NATO.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time Moscow showed Western observers how debate was tolerated at COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, both organisations were interstate rather than interparty organisations, which clearly distinguishes them from both COMINTERN and COMINFORM.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Eventually these institutionalisation processes show how both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were primarily founded in response to a development in Western Europe and not out of the Soviet desire to control its satellites, as is often assumed.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implied a closer coordination of production plans at an international level and a COMECON-wide division of labour, which would increase Soviet influence, at least on the surface.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While COMECON was coming into its own, Soviet first secretary, Nikita Khrushchev, had to find a response to another Western challenge, namely the Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) admission to NATO on 9 May 1955, which had been agreed in the so-called 'Paris Agreements' of October 1954.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Warsaw and Berlin also turned this conflict into a learning moment and defeated Bucharest with its own weapons, by using legal arguments to refute the Romanian opposition to any evolution of COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from integrating East Germany, this also served Soviet security.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This also meant that neither COMECON nor the Warsaw Pact were founded on the basis of Marxist-Leninist ideology.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the Warsaw Pact had a clear founding document, which resembled the Atlantic Treaty to such an extent that the Warsaw Pact members would use it in the future to expand their room for manoeuvre, whereas COMECON was given a vague charter only in 1959 and was never officialised by an international treaty.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reflects the different internal political structures of the members of the respective alliances, but the treaties were identical concerning the way in which they were supposed to function as a multilateral alliance between states rather than parties.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the economic failure of the organisation, they established COMECON as a multilateral forum in which they could resist Soviet concepts of international economic cooperation and push the Soviet Union to compromise.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time the incipient Sino-Soviet split was a great blow to communist solidarity and raised the importance of closing ranks at any price.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact members immediately realised that this formula could reinforce the 'independence and sovereignty' of individual members and deliberately turned it into a self-fulfilling prophecy.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It reemphasised the interstate nature of the organisation and showed how the decision-making in the alliance became increasingly multilateral, with the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members taking the initiative.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secretariat of COMECON indeed became a new actor with its own voice, participating in the debates between the governments of its member countries.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this period the alliance was not reformed de jure, but certainly transformed de facto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact as an organisation remained the same in this period, but the relations between the Soviet superpower and the smaller allies became less asymmetrical.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis compelled the other Warsaw Pact members to scrutinise the functioning of the organisation and greatly embarrassed Leonid Brezhnev.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This process indicates that the Warsaw Pact members increasingly assumed influence within the organisation, and that the Soviet Union could not simply impose its will unilaterally.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet the very fact that the Warsaw Pact's deputy foreign ministers met was a turning-point in itself.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The international organisation, embodied by the permanent secretariat, became able to develop its own economic expertise and relied less on input from the governments.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These developments in the Warsaw Pact are remarkable, since similar debates had already taken place within COMECON in the first half of the 1960s in opposition to the 'supranational planning organ'.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This increased the member states' room for manoeuvre, while decreasing the Soviet capacity to impose its will.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although in appearance Soviet monoliths, both organisations had evolved into increasingly multilateral organisations, which their smaller members could use as instruments for asserting their national interests and defining their sovereignty, provided they had learned how to play by the specific rules of the international organisation.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though the practical outcomes of multilateral cooperation always remained meagre, the analysis of the process of negotiation reveals the progressive and incomplete, but real, empowerment of both organisations, either by further integration or by foreign policy coordination.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases the smaller members started to use the institutional infrastructure as an opportunity to counteract asymmetrical bilateral relations with the Soviet Union and tried to turn the Soviet Bloc's economic and foreign policy into a joint venture.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the early 1960s both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact began to develop from empty shells into functioning international organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is also an important element of an international organisation, which in the cases of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact had mostly political and diplomatic aspects and was unrelated to the weak economic and military results of both organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resistance to Soviet proposals created a conflict that eventually benefited both Eastern European governments and the organisation itself.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The secretariat benefited from COMECON's position in the Cold War symbolic competition and from the supranational crisis of 1962-1964, which fragmented the political system of the Bloc and increased the scope for bureaucratic autonomy.83”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the institutionalisation of COMECON was by no means matched within the Warsaw Pact, both organisations started to function in a more sophisticated manner.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their attempt to thwart the reforms, which they regarded as an impingement on their sovereignty, the Romanians contributed considerably to its transformation by increasing the self-consciousness of its members and by triggering a debate on the purpose of the organisation, the manner of decision making and the role of sovereignty.77”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence, the other members started to reflect critically on the nature of both organisations, which in turn contributed to their transformation into increasingly multilateral organisations.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact's model remained a capitalist international organisation, rather than a communist predecessor, such as COMINFORM, which is never mentioned in the Warsaw Pact documents, or even a communist contemporary, such as COMECON.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Kremlin tolerated this increased assertiveness for two reasons.First, neither of the organisations were intended as coercive instruments.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of COMECON, this manifested itself in a certain amount of integration of the national economies, whereas there was a drive towards further foreign policy coordination within the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Romanian negotiating tactics were certainly more aggressive than those of other members, but the increased assertiveness vis-à-vis the Kremlin was certainly not a Romanian prerogative, as is generally assumed.79”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The references to the Western model of integration seem to suggest a certain amount of convergence between Eastern and Western Europe.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The process of multilateralisation thus culminated in a degree of 'multilateralism', defined as 'the practice of coordinating national policies in groups of three or more states'.82”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It established itself as a collective actor in front of its member states' governments in the second half of the decade and overstepped its administrative prerogatives to act increasingly politically, embodying the international organisation towards its member states' governments as well as Western institutions.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These are, in fact, different sides of the same coin, since in both cases there was an increased acceptance of some new central authority, which was neither synonymous with the Soviet Union, nor imposed by force, but which represented the Bloc towards the outside world.81”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second half of the decade witnessed further emancipation of the smaller members and of the organisations themselves.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mere existence of these international organisations began to normalise relations within the Soviet Bloc, giving the so-called 'satellites' an input in decision making within the Bloc.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although Romanian opposition often sparked dissent among other members, all members began to instrumentalise the international organisation and the debates about its activity and usefulness in order to obtain some room for manoeuvre from the Soviet Union in defining their foreign policy.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Multilateralisation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eventually, strengthening COMECON met the interests both of the Soviet Union -as the alliance leader -and of the communist regimes at a global level.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confronted by the dual threats of the potential nuclearisation of the FRG and the Sino-Soviet split, all Warsaw Pact members had a vested interest in closing ranks on the theme of European security.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that a Romanian leader actually wanted to convene the alliance was unprecedented.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was, however, a push towards foreign policy coordination, which also implied the capacity to act collectively.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The internal momentum of the Warsaw Pact was such that the Romanian leadership could not prevent this drive de facto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the Warsaw Pact was still less empowered as a collective actor than COMECON de jure, it had developed a stronger impetus on that score de facto.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the EEC's existence was only officially acknowledged by the Soviet Union in 1972, it worked in fact earlier as a paradoxical driving force for the integration of COMECON.98”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This in itself points to a normalisation of interstate relations, as well as an attempt to enter into a dialogue with the West.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in self-awareness, the growing sense of identity and, ironically, the joint opposition to Romania had already contributed to a sense of common purpose.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It proved its partners' internationalist outlook to the Soviet Union and served the national economic interests of the People's Democracies' governments in their global, East-West, development strategies.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It facilitated the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in 1975 and the ensuing Helsinki Process, and it created a certain balance in the Cold War with the Warsaw Pact as a counterweight to NATO, which was an important aspect of détente.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presenting this treaty in the name of the Warsaw Pact would enable its members to present a united front to the rest of the world and thus to exert more influence on the negotiations with the United States.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian leadership had learnt a lesson from COMECON and succeeded in preventing the establishment of a secretariat within the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Warsaw Pact had thus eventually become more unified than NATO, which had failed to rally the FRG and France behind the treaty.101”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [101]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Romanian leaders preferred to keep a finger in the pie by attending all meetings instead and thwarting most of them, thus indirectly acknowledging the merit of the Warsaw Pact.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NATO practices had, by now, circulated within the Eastern Bloc and become an example to the Romanians.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These developments allowed both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact to turn into collective actors and also facilitated the appearance on the global stage of their individual members.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was no similar process of integration within the Warsaw Pact, which, as a military-political alliance, lent itself less to integration, even though COMECON's integration of its military industries was, according to recent findings, the most successful.99”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [99]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The multilateralisation of the Warsaw Pact had enabled the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact members to autonomously agree on a Declaration on European Security and to present a united front vis-à-vis NATO.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have, instead, offered an interpretation which shows that these organisations institutionalised, multilateralised and enhanced rather than undermined the sovereignty of their members, while providing them with an unprecedented scope for manoeuvre.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sharp division between Romania and the rest (also called 'the one' versus 'the six' in the archives) is remarkable for two reasons: on the one hand it proves that a medium-sized country like Romania could veto proposals that were supported by all other Warsaw Pact members, including the Soviet Union, and on the other hand it shows that all other states were keen to transfer some of their”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Facilitated by the existence of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact, the former 'empire of coercion' 108 moved into a more enlightened direction, which contributed to a normalisation of international relations on both sides of the Iron Curtain.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They were both created in reaction to 'others' and relied on confrontation with the outside world to legitimate their existence.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conflict was neither their weakness nor a sign of malfunction of an imperial system, but their strength, and as such can be considered a learning moment, which made them resemble their Western counterparts.107”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [107]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Created as agents of Cold War competition, COMECON and the Warsaw Pact had to deal with the Western World.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This empowered them and opened, at the same time, the black box of international communist cooperation, which finally weakened both organisations until they completely disappeared in 1991.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economic and military-political cooperation fostered by COMECON and the Warsaw Pact had little interest in itself and was not attractive enough to keep going after the fall of the Berlin Wall, unlike NATO and the EEC.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that both organisations borrowed so much from the West shows the intrinsic weakness of the communist system.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the 1960s onwards Soviet Bloc economic and foreign policy was no longer a sole Soviet prerogative, but also to some extent a joint venture.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paradoxically, the Cold War was a condition for their existence and simultaneously an element of their progressive disqualification.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COMECON and the Warsaw Pact fulfil enough criteria of a fully-fledged international organisation to be studied as such and for their own merit.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“their mere existence enhanced the sovereignty of their members, which in turn reinforced the functioning of each organisation as an international interstate organisation, and, simultaneously, as a collective actor.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The archival sources consulted in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Geneva and Rome are sufficiently representative and reliable to support the article's conclusions about COMECON and the Warsaw Pact.
“Our analysis is therefore primarily empirical and relies on wide-ranging archival research in Moscow, Bucharest, Berlin, Rome and Geneva.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both COMECON and the Warsaw Pact have always been studied separately.
“Although both organisations have always been studied separately, the Warsaw Pact's evolution followed a similar pattern to that of COMECON.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Institutionalisation
“In the first PCC meeting in 1956 it was decided that a secretariat and a committee of foreign ministers should be established, but in fact this never materialised.”
§ International Organisations: A Comparative Analysis of COMECON and the Warsaw Pact in relation to their Cold War Competitors > Integration and Foreign Policy Coordination
“By 1975 the negotiations on European security also resulted in the establishment of the hotly contested committee of foreign ministers”
Citations
Cites
Multilateralism: An Agenda for Research
Keohane, R. O. (1990) · International Journal Canada s Journal of Global Policy Analysis · doi:10.1177/002070209004500401 · Cited by 524
Schmelzer, M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316452035 · Cited by 438
Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery
Berend, I. (1996) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511581748 · Cited by 189
The European Community and the Crises of the 1960s: Negotiating the Gaullist Challenge
Ludlow, N. P. (2006) · Cited by 159
Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery
Berend, T. I. (1996) · Cited by 142
Routledge history of international organizations: from 1815 to the present day
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-4797 · Cited by 132
Routledge History of International Organizations
Reinalda, B. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203876572 · Cited by 122
La Commission européenne : du compromis culturel à la culture politique du compromis
Abélès, M., & Bellier, I. (1996) · Revue française de science politique · doi:10.3406/rfsp.1996.395065 · Cited by 117
The European Commission and Bureaucratic Autonomy
Ellinas, A. A., & Suleiman, E. N. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139150873 · Cited by 111
The European Union: Politics and Policies
Olsen, J., & McCormick, J. (1996) · Cited by 91
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Westad, 2000, Reviewing the Cold War
- Gaddis, 1997, We Know Now, 289
- Dangerfield, 2010, Ökonomie im Kalten Krieg, 350
- Ahrens, 2000, Gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe: Die DDR im RGW. Strukturen und handelspolitische Strategien 1963–1976
- Mastny, 2008, NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Intrabloc Conflicts, 147
- Baev, 2008, Encyclopaedia of the Cold War, 960
- Zubok, 1996, The Soviet Union and European Integration from Stalin to Gorbachev, Journal of European Integration History, 2, 85
- Mastny, 1998, Cold War Flashpoints, 232
- 10.1177/002070209004500401 · DOI
- Godard, 2016, Réinventer la diplomatie. Sociabilités, réseaux et pratiques diplomatiques en Europe depuis 1919, 171
- Kansikas, 2011, Reassessing Cold War Europe, 193
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec_a_00342 · Cited by 958
Stabilizing Authoritarian Rule: The Role of International Organizations
Cottiero, C., & Haggard, S. M. (2023) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqad031 · Cited by 88
Lerch, J. C., Frank, D. J., & Schofer, E. (2023) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224231214000 · Cited by 74
Кочеткова, Е. (2020) · European Review of History Revue européenne d histoire · doi:10.1080/13507486.2020.1835829 · Cited by 10
Dragomir, E. (2019) · European Review of History Revue européenne d histoire · doi:10.1080/13507486.2019.1694492 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- CRUMP, L., & GODARD, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- ORCID
- GODARD, SIMON
- Venue
- Contemporary European History
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-12-14
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-109
- ISSN
- 0960-7773 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2171
- OpenAlex
- W2773175411
- Semantic Scholar
- 07a7364786e2e905019ced9b17d245eb341300c8
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Contemporary European History (publishedVersion)
- HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Eastern European Communism and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Keywords
- Comecon, Warsaw Pact, Cold War, Soviet bloc, multilateralism, institutionalization, collective action, balance of power, Eastern Europe, European Economic Community, NATO
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-23, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-23 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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