A Comparison of the Activity Budgets of Wild and Captive Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques(Macaca Nigra)
Open accessAbstract
One aim of environmental enrichment techniques is to replicate ‘wild-like’ behaviour in captivity. In this study, three captive troops of Sulawesi crested black macaques(Macaca nigra)were each observed for 100 h in large naturalistic enclosures. Activity budgets constructed from these observations were compared with published data collected from wild troops in the DuaSudara Nature Reserve, Sulawesi (O ‘Brien & Kinnaird 1997). No significant difference was found between the activity budgets of the wild and the captive macaques, although social, resting and feeding behaviours were significantly different between zoos. There was more rest and less movement and feeding in captivity, although these differences were not significant. The relatively large number of individuals, the wide variety of age-sex classes and the large and complex naturalistic enclosures provided for them may have been important factors in promoting wild-like behaviour. This study shows that captive primates can exhibit wild-type activity budgets.
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Reductions in both size and complexity of the captive environment can restrict the diversity and flexibility of animal behavior.
“Reductions in both size (Veasey et al., 1996) and complexity (Moreira et al., 2007) of the captive environment can restrict the diversity and flexibility of animal behavior (Melfi and Feistner, 2002).”
From Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding (2016) · cites this paper as Melfi and Feistner, 2002
The Discussion reports that macaques at one zoo moved and fed less than those at the others and identifies enclosure size and complexity as possible factors. It also says larger enclosures appeared associated with less resting, but complexity was not quantified. These passages support a possible effect on particular behaviours, not the broader claim that reduced size and complexity restrict behavioural diversity and flexibility in animals generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActivity budgets represent the standard metric in behavioral welfare assessment.
“Alternatively, activity budgets represent the standard metric in behavioral welfare assessment (Melfi and Feistner, 2002).”
From Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding (2016) · cites this paper as Melfi and Feistner, 2002
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How does the zoo environment affect the behaviour of captive primates?
Hosey, G. R. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.015 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding
Marshall, A. R., Deere, N. J., Little, H. A., Snipp, R., Goulder, J., & Mayer-Clarke, S. (2016) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21313 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Within-group differences in captive Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana diana) behaviour
Todd, P. A., Macdonald, C., & Coleman, D. (2008) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0059-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Melfi, V. A., & Feistner, A. T. C.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust (JE)
- Corresponding author
- Melfi, V A
- ORCID
- Melfi, V A
- Venue
- Animal Welfare
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-222
- ISSN
- 0962-7286 (ISSN-L)
- 2054-1538
- OpenAlex
- W2612087217
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Animal Welfare (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- Macaca nigra, activity budget, captive primates, environmental enrichment, zoo animal welfare, social behavior, feeding behaviour, resting behavior, group size
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