Anxiety and Coping Strategies in Sport Contexts: A Look at the Psychometric Properties of Portuguese Instruments for their Assessment.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese versions of the Sport Anxiety Scale and of the Brief COPE, as well as of the Cognitive Appraisal Scale in Sport Competition-Threat Perception, namely regarding their factor structure validity and internal consistency. Participants were 550 male and female athletes of several sports, aged 15- to 35-years-old (M=19.8; SD=4.5). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that the instruments demonstrated good psychometric properties. In general, the measurement models provided a good fit to the empirical data and with the exception of some scales of the Brief COPE, the calculated Cronbach's a coefficient of reliability indicated adequate internal consistency for the three instruments. Overall, the results of the present study provided evidence for these instruments' validity and reliability, ultimately supporting their importance for research and psychological intervention in sport contexts.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous Portuguese versions of the Brief COPE found Cronbach's alphas ranging between 0.32-0.82 and 0.55-0.84.
“Previous Portuguese versions have found similar Cronbach’s alphas to those originally presented by Carver (1997) (0.54–0.90), ranging between 0.32–0.82 (Dias et al., 2009) and 0.55–0.84 (Pais-Ribeiro and Rodrigues, 2004).”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Dias et al., 2009
The Brief COPE has been translated and adapted to Portuguese.
“This has already been translated and adapted to Portuguese (Pais-Ribeiro and Rodrigues, 2004; Dias et al., 2009).”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Dias et al., 2009
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,026 · see citing works
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833 · see citing works
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,682 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507 · see citing works
You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope
Carver, C. S. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6 · Cited by 7,361 · see citing works
Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.19 · Cited by 2,726 · see citing works
Carver, C. S., Pozo-Kaderman, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., & Clark, K. C. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.2.375 · Cited by 1,739 · see citing works
Handbook of research on sport psychology
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5652 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement
Duda, J. L. (1998) · University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1,324 · see citing works
Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling
Kenny, D. A., & McCoach, D. B. (2003) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1003_1 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., & Clark, K. C. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.375 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.1.184 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0355 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Understanding psychological preparation for sport: theory and practice of elite performers
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-0972 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.184 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Vernacchia, R. A. (1993) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.7.3.329 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Hale, B. D. (1991) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.5.3.292 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Smith, R. E., Schutz, R. W., Smoll, F. L., & Ptacek, J. T. (1995) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.17.4.379 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990) · Anxiety Research · doi:10.1080/08917779008248733 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Horn, T. S. (2002) · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Hanin, Y. L. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Coping Strategies Used by U.S. Olympic Wrestlers
Gould, D. R., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1993) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1993.10608782 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Perczek, R. E., Carver, C. S., Price, A. A., & Pozo-Kaderman, C. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa740105 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Gaudreau, P., & Blondin, J. P. (2002) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(01)00017-6 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Coping Strategies Used by National Champion Figure Skaters
Gould, D. R., Finch, L. M., & Jackson, S. A. (1993) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1993.10607599 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
An illustration of a longitudinal cross-lagged design for larger structural equation models
Burkholder, G. J., & Harlow, L. L. (2003) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1003_8 · Cited by 212 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…al., 1997), analyzing the adjustment discrepancy between the observed and estimated matrices considering the degrees of freedom; in other words, it uses prediction and measurement errors for assessing the degree of fit between the hypothesized model and the real model (Burkholder & Harlow, 2003).”
MethodBrissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.102 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W. (1998) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.20.3.237 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport: Theory and Practice of Elite Performers
Hogg, J. M. (1997) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.11.3.355 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory of Emotion
Lazarus, R. S. (2000) · doi:10.5040/9781492596233.ch-002 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Perceptions of Stress and Coping during Preparations for the 1999 Women’s Soccer World Cup Finals
Holt, N. L., & Hogg, J. M. (2002) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.16.3.251 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Interpretation of Competitive Anxiety Symptoms and Goal Attainment Expectancies
Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (1996) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.18.2.144 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The arousal–athletic performance relationship: Current status and future directions.
Gould, D. R., & Krane, V. (1992) · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Longitudinal Invariance of Self-Esteem and Method Effects Associated With Negatively Worded Items
Motl, R. W., & DiStefano, C. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0904_6 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W., & Jackson, S. A. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540140 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Dugdale, J. R., Eklund, R. C., & Gordon, S. (2002) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.16.1.20 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Jones, J. G., Swain, A., & Cale, A. (1990) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.4.2.107 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
An Examination of Coping in Sport: Individual Trait Anxiety Differences and Situational Consistency
Giacobbi, P. R., & Weinberg, R. S. (2000) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.14.1.42 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hammermeister, J., & Burton, D. (2001) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.15.1.66 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Personality and health-protective behaviour
Bermúdez, J. (1999) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199903/04)13:2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Motivational Factors and Coping Strategies of Norwegian Paralympic and Olympic Winter Sport Athletes
Pensgaard, A. M., Roberts, G. C., & Ursin, H. (1999) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.16.3.238 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Harlow, L. L., Burkholder, G. J., & Morrow, J. A. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0903_6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Reexamining the Factorial Composition and Factor Structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale
Dunn, J. G. H., Dunn, J. C., Wilson, P., & Syrotuik, D. G. (2000) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.22.2.183 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Eklund, R. C., Grove, B., & Heard, N. P. (1998) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.20.2.157 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Modelagem de proteínas por homologia
Santos‐Filho, O. A., & de Alencastro, R. B. (2003) · Química Nova · doi:10.1590/s0100-40422003000200019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Krane, V., Williams, J. H., & Feltz, D. L. (1992) · Journal of sport behavior · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Between-Sport Comparison of Situational Threat Perceptions in Ice Hockey and Soccer
Dunn, J. G. H., & Nielsen, A. B. (1993) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.15.4.449 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
An examination of the factorial structure of the Norwegian version of the sport anxiety scale
Abrahamsen, F. E., Roberts, G. C., & Pensgaard, A. M. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00511.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ferreira, M. J., Sofia, R., Carreno, D. F., Eisenbeck, N., Jongenelen, I., & Cruz, J. F. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647984 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Dias, C., Cruz, J. F., & Fonseca, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- University of Minho (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Dias, Cláudia
- Venue
- The Spanish Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 338-348
- ISSN
- 1138-7416 (ISSN-L)
- 1988-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2097577446
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Spanish Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- competitive anxiety, coping strategies, Brief COPE, sport competition, threat perception, psychometric properties, factor structure, internal consistency, Portuguese translation, athletes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Competitive Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Personality Inventory, Portugal, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Control, Informal, Sports, Reproducibility of Results, Athletic Performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
