The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Natural language interfaces to databases – an introduction
Open accessAbstract
This paper is an introduction to natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBS). A brief overview of the history of NLIDBS is first given. Some advantages and disadvantages of NLIDBS are then discussed, comparing NLIDBS to formal query languages, form-based interfaces, and graphical interfaces. An introduction to some of the linguistic problems NLIDBS have to confront follows, for the benefit of readers less familiar with computational linguistics. The discussion then moves on to NLIDB architectures, portability issues, restricted natural language input systems (including menu-based NLIDBS), and NLIDBS with reasoning capabilities. Some less explored areas of NLIDB research are then presented, namely database updates, meta-knowledge questions, temporal questions, and multi-modal NLIDBS. The paper ends with reflections on the current state of the art.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“E-learning and mental health represent relevant interaction contexts, which have also seen great prominence in recent publications (Androutsopoulos et al., 1995; Chaves & Gerosa, 2021; Følstad & Skjuve, 2019; Hauswald et al., 2016).”
From Charting the Evolution and Future of Conversational Agents: A Research Agenda Along Five Waves and New Frontiers (2024) · cites this paper as Androutsopoulos et al., 1995
Citations
Cites
Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Pujol, J. M., Delgado, J., Ramon Sangüesa, A., & Flache, A. (2005) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 5,771
A relational model of data for large shared data banks
Codd, E. F. (1970) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/362384.362685 · Cited by 5,547
A relational model of data for large shared data banks
Codd, E. F. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358007 · Cited by 4,797
Principles of database and knowledge-base systems
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5107 · Cited by 2,701
Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar.
Soames, S., Gazdar, G. J. M., Klein, E., Pullum, G. K., & Sag, I. A. (1989) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2185122 · Cited by 1,829
Introduction to Montague Semantics
Dowty, D. R., Wall, R. E., & Peters, S. (1980) · Studies in linguistics and philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9065-4 · Cited by 1,112
An introduction to unification-based approaches to grammar
Shieber, S. M. (1986) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 935
6. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar
Steurs, F. (1991) · Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series 4, Current issues in linguistic theory · doi:10.1075/cilt.75.08ste · Cited by 758
Logic Programming and Databases
Ceri, S., Gottlob, G., & Tanca, L. (1990) · Surveys in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83952-8 · Cited by 750
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 101 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 35
- Woods W.A. , Kaplan R.M. , and Webber B.N. , (1972) The Lunar Sciences natural language information system: Final Report. BBN Report 2378, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Weischedel, 1989, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of ACL, 193
- Thompson, 1969, Proceedings of the 24th ACM National Converence, 399
- Tennant, 1983, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of ACL, 151
- Scha, 1977, SIGART Newsletter
- 1991, Natural Language Markets
- Bobrow, 1990, Processings of the 28th Annual Meeting of ACL, 227
- KBMS – Knowledge Base Management System
- Carbonell, 1983, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of ACL, 164
- Ballard, 1984, Processings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of ACL, 52
- Ballard, 1986, Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of ACL, 20
- Androutsopoulos I , (1993) Interfacing a natural language front-end to a relational database. MSc thesis. Technical paper 11, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
- Tennant, 1983, Proceedings of CHI'83, Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems
- Lopes, 1984, Proeedings of the 22nd Annual Meetings of ACL
- Androutsopoulos, 1993, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, Edinburgh, U.K, 327
- Woods, 1968, Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 457
- Sentance S. , (1989) Improved responses from an English language front end. M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.
- Alshawi, 1992, The Core Language Engine
- Harris, 1978, Processings of the ACM'78 Annual Conference
- INTELLECT – Natural Language System
- Codd, 1974, Data Base Management
- De Roeck, 1986, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
- Diaper, 1986, People and Computers: Designing for Usability - Proceedings of the Second Conference of the British Computer Society, Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group, University of York, 263
- Whittemore, 1990, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meting of ACL, 23
- Gerlach, 1989, Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the European Chapter of ACL, 27
- Giarratano, 1989, Expert Systems: Priniciples and Programming
- Hafner, 1984, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of ACL, 57
- Hafner, 1985, Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of ACL, 1
- Bobrow, 1978, Research in Natural Language Understanding, BBN Report 3878
- Hendrix, 1982, Natural language interface (panel), Computational Linguistics, 8, 55
- Kaplan, 1983, Computational Models of Discourse, 167
- Martin, 1986, Readings in Natural Language Processing, 585
- Thompson, 1975, Advances in Computers, 109
- Lowden, 1986, REMIT: A natural language paraphraser for relational query expressions, ICL Technical Journal, 5, 32
- De Roeck, 1990, Proceedings of InfoJapan '90
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 769
Virtual Distance Education in a Collaborative Hypermedia Environment - the VIENA Classroom
Winiwarter, W., Kagawa, O., KONOMI, S., & Kambayashi, Y. (1997) · Cited by 1
Attempto Specifications in Controlled Natural Language
Schwitter, R., Hamburger, B., & Fuchs, N. E. (1995) · WLP · Cited by 1
Translation of spanish statistics expressions to SQL
Gámez, I. E., Marrujo, M. D. L. Á., & García, O. P. (2010) · Research in Computing Science · Cited by 1
Corpus Based Context Free Grammar Design for Natural Language Interface to Database
Agrawal, A. J., Kakde, O. G., & Nagar, B. (2011) · Cited by 1
USER INTERFACES TO DATABASES - A SURVEY
Mabuni, D. (2017) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science · doi:10.26483/ijarcs.v8i9.5201 · Cited by 1
Knowledge Acquisition from Critical Annotations
Mészáros, T., & Kiss, M. (2018) · Information · doi:10.3390/info9070179 · Cited by 1
A Natural Language Interface Based on Machine Learning Approach
Sharma, H., Kumar, N., Jha, G. K., & Sharma, K. (2011) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22543-7_56 · Cited by 1
Handling Modifiers in Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs
Siciliani, L., Diefenbach, D., Maret, P., Basile, P., & Lops, P. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35166-3_15 · Cited by 1
Text to Code: Pseudo Code Generation
Din, A. U., & Adnan, A. (2019) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34365-1_3 · Cited by 1
L2R-QA: An Open-Domain Question Answering Framework
He, T., Yu, L., Zou, Z., & Wu, Q. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36204-1_12 · Cited by 1
Text2SQLNet: Syntax Type-Aware Tree Networks for Text-to-SQL
Mellah, Y., Ettifouri, E. H., Bouchentouf, T., & Belkasmi, M. G. (2019) · Learning and analytics in intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36778-7_48 · Cited by 1
An Approach for Building Natural Language Database using Pattern Matching Technique
Nartey, F., Amavi, F., & Nyameamah, I. (2019) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2019919720 · Cited by 1
A Lab Experiment Using a Natural Language Interface to Extract Information from Data: The NLIDB Game
Dell’Aversana, R., & Bucciarelli, E. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38227-8_12 · Cited by 1
NLP for Clinical Data Analysis
Banerjee, P. S., & Banerjee, J. (2020) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2120-5.ch018 · Cited by 1
Generating Structured Database Queries Using Deeply-Bidirectional Natural Language Encodings
Tripathi, R., Sinha, P., Balabantaray, R. C., Pujari, S. P., Thind, P., & Kar, S. (2019) · doi:10.1109/icit48102.2019.00092 · Cited by 1
Question Answering on OLAP-like Data Sources.
Steinmetz, N., Ghahfarokhi, S. S., & Sattler, K.-U. (2020) · EDBT/ICDT Workshops · Cited by 1
Li, Y., Feng, A., Li, J., Chen, S., Mumick, S., Halevy, A. Y., Li, V., & Tan, W.-C. (2020) · The VLDB Journal · doi:10.1007/s00778-020-00634-5 · Cited by 1
GuideSQL: Utilizing Tables to Guide the Prediction of Columns for Text-to-SQL Generation
Wang, H., Chen, L., Li, M., & Chen, M. (2020) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9206700 · Cited by 1
The Natural Language Query using NLP by Generation of SQL Query
Devgade, P. (2021) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2021.34145 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of Natural Language Software Interfaces to Databases
Majeed, F., Shoaib, M., Alkinani, M. H., Khan, W. Z., Khurram, S., Gardezi, A. A., & Shafiq, M. (2021) · Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing · doi:10.32604/iasc.2022.015488 · Cited by 1
Columns Occurrences Graph to Improve Column Prediction in Deep Learning Nlidb
Abbas, S., Khan, M. U., Lee, S. U.-J., & Abbas, A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112412116 · Cited by 1
Chen, Y., Huang, S., Zhuan, Z., & Zhou, E. (2021) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Human-Computer Interaction (ICHCI) · doi:10.1109/ichci54629.2021.00017 · Cited by 1
A Natural Language Model and a System for Managing TV-Anytime Information from Mobile Devices
Karanastasi, A., Kazasis, F. G., & Christodoulakis, S. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27779-8_1 · Cited by 1
A Task Repository for Ambient Intelligence
Filipe, P. P., & Mamede, N. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11765448_7 · Cited by 1
Natural Language Access to Public Administration Data: the TAMIC-P System
Bagnasco, C., Cappelli, A., Magnini, B., & Zamatteo, D. (2000) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-46238-4_22 · Cited by 1
Consulta a ontologias utilizando linguagem natural controlada
Luz, F. F. (2013) · doi:10.11606/d.45.2013.tde-02012014-224412 · Cited by 1
Winiwarter, W., & Kambayashi, Y. (1997) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-63263-8_17 · Cited by 1
Building an Enterprise it Security Management System
Belsis, M. A., & Smalov, L. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35691-4_16 · Cited by 1
Unsupervised relation learning for event-focused question-answering and domain modelling
McKeown, K. R., & Filatova, E. (2008) · Cited by 1
Mobile Agents Architecture in Data Presentation Domain
Laukaitis, A., & Vasilecas, O. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-36402-5_76 · Cited by 1
Natural Language Database Access Using Semi-automatically Constructed Translation Knowledge
Kang, I.-S., Bae, J.-H. J., & Lee, J.-H. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30211-7_30 · Cited by 1
Toral, A. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1
A probabilistic approach for mapping free-text queries to complex web forms
Tjin-Kam-Jet, K., Trieschnigg, D., & Hiemstra, D. (2012) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 1
A Constraint-based Method for Semantic Mapping from Natural Language Questions to OWL
Gao, M., Liu, J., Zhong, N., & Chen, F. (2007) · IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining (CIDM) · doi:10.1109/cidm.2007.368895 · Cited by 1
Natural language interface technology in computer games
Manzaneda, M. (2015) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Linckels, S. (2008) · publish.UP (University of Potsdam) · Cited by 1
GoWeb: Semantic Search and Browsing for the Life Sciences
Dietze, H. (2010) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) · Cited by 1
Translating database queries to English for enhancing database education
Holton, W. J. (2015) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
SlimRank: um modelo de seleção de respostas para perguntas de consumidores
Criscuolo, M. (2018) · doi:10.11606/t.55.2018.tde-31012018-140412 · Cited by 1
Shabaz, K. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32478969 · Cited by 1
Selecting and Generating Computational Meaning Representations for Short Texts
Finegan‐Dollak, C. (2018) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Deep neural semantic parsing: translating from natural language into SPARQL
Luz, F. F. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.45.2019.tde-01042019-101602 · Cited by 1
Deep Learning Approaches for Text-to-SQL Systems
Katsogiannis-Meimarakis, G., & Koutrika, G. (2021) · Movebank · doi:10.5441/002/edbt.2021.90 · Cited by 1
Prefix-to-SQL: Text-to-SQL Generation from Incomplete User QuestionsPreprint
Deng, N., Chang, S., Shi, P., Yu, T., & Zhang, R. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.13066 · Cited by 4
ScienceBenchmark: A Complex Real-World Benchmark for Evaluating Natural Language to SQL SystemsPreprint
Zhang, Y., Deriu, J., Katsogiannis-Meimarakis, G., Kosten, C., Koutrika, G., & Stockinger, K. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.04743 · Cited by 25
Soleymani, S., Gravel, N., Kochut, K., & Kannan, N. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.649790 · Cited by 1
Interesting Problems in Semantic Integration and Interoperability
Vassalos, V. (2005) · DROPS (Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics) · doi:10.4230/dagsemproc.04391.10 · Cited by 1
Semantic Collation of Enterprise Data for Effective Information Retrieval
Anantaram, C., & Goyal, S. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27872-3_1
WOW: the Hungarian Deep Web Searcher
Tikk, D., Kardkovács, Z. T., & Magyar, G. (2004)
Exposing predictive analytics through natural language
van Grondelle, J., Unger, C., & Smit, F. (2014) · PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University)
Roy, M. (2005) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Enhancing knowledge acquisition systems with user generated and crowdsourced resources
Xu, F. (2012) · Publications of the UdS (Saarland University) · doi:10.22028/d291-22919
A Learning-Based Model for Semantic Mapping from Natural Language Questions to OWL
Gao, M., Liu, J., Zhong, N., Liu, C., & Chen, F. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73451-2_84
Zarazaga-Soria, F. J., Bañares, J. Á., Bernabé, M. A., Gould, M. D., & Muro‐Medrano, P. R. (2000)
Approaches to translating natural language queries for use in XML information retrieval systems
Tannier, X., Woodley, A., Geva, S., & Hassler, M. (2006)
Organizing and accessing a comprehensive knowledge base using the World Wide Web
Katz, B., & Lin, J. (2004) · IEMC '03 Proceedings. Managing Technologically Driven Organizations: The Human Side of Innovation and Change · doi:10.1109/kimas.2003.1245096
De la cognition naturelle à la signification artificielle : l'exemple des réseaux sémantiques
Sarrasin, N. (2005) · Recherches sémiotiques
An Error Tolerant Parser for Natural Language Queries in GISs
Wang, F. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09968-1_8
A Natural Language Interface for Code Search
Kimmig, M., Monperrus, M., & Mezini, M. (2011) · HAL
IEAD: A Novel One-Line Interface to Query Astronomical Science Archives
Lombardi, M. J. (2012) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/665255
Natural search pointers — A query formulation method for structured information search
Lipczak, M., Blustein, J., & Milios, E. (2008) · Conference on Human System Interactions · doi:10.1109/hsi.2008.4581436
Query Translation for Resolving the Difference between User Query Words and Ontology Resources
Kim, T. (2011) · Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information · doi:10.9708/jksci.2011.16.3.035
Requirements and Solutions for a More Knowledgeable User-Model Dialogue in Applied Simulation
Neumann, G., & Tolujew, J. (2012) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28888-3_1
Zhang, P., Sun, Y., & Xiaoshan, T. (2010) · Environmental Science and Information Application Technology · doi:10.1109/esiat.2010.5568919
Jindal, S., Dua, M., & Virk, Z. S. (2014) · International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS) · doi:10.1145/2677855.2677869
Rapid development of application-oriented natural language interfaces
Mészáros, T., & Dobrowiecki, T. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES) · doi:10.1109/ines.2014.6909341
Topic indexing and retrieval for open domain factoid question answering
Ahn, K. (2009) · ERA
Natural Search Queries for Consumer-Oriented Databases.
Lipczak, M., & Milios, E. (2007) · International Conference on Networking and Services · doi:10.1109/conielecomp.2007.87
Closed Domain Question Answering using Fuzzy Semantics
Bergmair, R. (2006)
Ilić, M., Leite, J. A., & Slota, M. (2008) · IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT) · doi:10.1109/wiiat.2008.122
Bhati, N., & Singh, M. K. (2014)
CBKR+: A Conceptual Framework for Improving Corpus Based Knowledge Representation
Surjitsingh, S. (2006)
Answer Attenuation in Question Answering
Bell, K., & Curran, J. (2008)
Incremental Query Construction and False hits based on Ranking
Jabeen, A., Ali, M. A., & Babu, T. R. (2013)
Key Deficiencies of Semantic Business Process Search
Wasser, A., & Lincoln, M. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45550-0_34
Motta, E. (2011)
Structured and Quantitative Proparties of Arabic SMS-Based Classified ADS Sublanguages
Daoud, D., El-Seoud, S. A., & Boitet, C. (2016) · International Journal on Natural Language Computing · doi:10.5121/ijnlc.2016.5101
A PORTABLE MENU-GUIDED NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE
Bases, T. K. (2009)
INTELLIGENT MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATABASE INTERFACE
Gharib, M., Reda, M., & Mohamed, Z. E. (2013)
Rudnicky, A. I., Dowding, J., Milić-Frayling, N., & Chairs, D. (2006)
Majeed, F., & Shoaib, M. (2017) · The International Arab Journal of Information Technology
A Controlled English Interface for End-Users
Bernstein, A., Kaufmann, E., Göhring, A., & Kiefer, C. (2005)
Distributed Natural Language Search Using Graph-Based Parsing
Kurz, N. S. (2013)
Kapłański, P., Seganti, A., Cieśliński, K., Chrabrowa, A., Koziołkiewicz, J., Bryk, M., & Ługowska, I. (2017) · Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska sectio AI – Informatica · doi:10.17951/ai.2016.16.2.25
Natural language semantic model for arithmetic sentences
Tapsai, C., Meesad, P., & Haruechaiyasak, C. (2017) · International Conference on Communication and Information Processing (ICCIP) · doi:10.1145/3162957.3162976
A Value-Attribute Mapping Method Based on Inverted Index
Wang, L., Wang, M., Chen, D., & Pan, Q. (2018) · International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data · doi:10.1109/cbd.2018.00028
Keyword Based Searching According to the Movie Names
Sunilkumar Reddy, P., Govindarajulu, G., & Srinivasulu, A. (2014) · Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.13189/csit.2014.020302
Jagadish, H. V., Li, Q., & Nandi, A. (2015) · International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering · doi:10.1504/ijcse.2015.072651
Self-service Ad-hoc Querying Using Controlled Natural LanguagePreprint
Bārzdiņš, J., Grasmanis, M., Rencis, E., Šostaks, A., & Bārzdiņš, J. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.02573
Towards the Rapid Development of a Natural Language Understanding ModulePreprint
Moreira, C., Mendes, A. C., Coheur, L., & Martins, B. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1302.1380
New Intelligent Tools to Adapt NL Interface to Corporate Environments
Chuprina, S. I., & Postanogov, I. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22750-0_3
Emami, E. (2015) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Automatic Generation of Virtual Assistants from Databases using Active Ontologies
Blersch, M., Weigelt, S., Tichy, W. F., & Angele, K. (2019) · Proceedings/Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering · doi:10.18293/seke2019-077
Metadata
- Authors
- Androutsopoulos, I., Ritchie, G. D., & Thanisch, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- ORCID
- Androutsopoulos, I.
- Venue
- Natural Language Engineering
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-81
- ISSN
- 1351-3249 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8110
- OpenAlex
- W2145618437
- Cited by
- 768
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Natural Language Engineering (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- State Scholarships Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Advanced Database Systems and Queries
- Keywords
- natural language interfaces to databases, graphical user interface, linguistic challenges, database architecture, portability, menu-based interface, reasoning skills, database updates, multimodal interfaces
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
