Constructing Pure Si Anodes for Advanced Lithium Batteries
Open accessAbstract
ConspectusWith the escalating demands of portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale energy storage systems, the development of next-generation rechargeable batteries, which boasts high energy density, cost effectiveness, and environmental sustainability, becomes imperative. Accelerating these advancements could substantially mitigate detrimental carbon emissions. The pursuit of main objectives has kindled interest in pure silicon as a high-capacity electroactive material, capable of further enhancing the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities compared with traditional graphite counterparts. Despite such promising attributes, pure silicon materials face significant hurdles, primarily due to their drastic volumetric changes during the lithiation/delithiation processes. Volume changes give rise to severe side effects, such as fracturing, pulverization, and delamination, triggering rapid capacity decay. Therefore, mitigating silicon particle fracture remains a primary challenge. Importantly, nanoscale silicon (below 150 nm in size) has shown resilience to stresses induced by repeated volume changes, thereby highlighting its potential as an anode-active material. However, the volume expansion stress not only affects the internal structure of the particle but also disrupts the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, formed spontaneously on the outer surface of silicon, causing adverse side reactions. Therefore, despite silicon nanoparticles offering new opportunities, overcoming the associated issues is of paramount importance.Thus, this Account aims to spotlight the significant strides made in the development of pure silicon anodes with particular attention to feature size. From the emergence of nanoscale silicon, the following nanotechnology played a crucial role in growing the particle through nano/microstructuring. Similarly, bulk silicon microparticles gradually surfaced with the post-engineering methods owing to their practical advantages. We briefly discuss the special characteristics of representative examples from bulk silicon engineering and nano/microstructuring, all aimed at overcoming intrinsic challenges, such as limiting large volume changes and stabilizing SEI formation during electrochemical cycling. Subsequently, we outline guidelines for advancing pure silicon anodes to incorporate high mass loading and high energy density. Importantly, these advancements require superior material design and the incorporation of exceptional battery components to ensure compatibility and yield synergistic effects. By broadening the cooperative strategies at the cell and system levels, we anticipate that this Account will provide an insightful analysis of pure silicon anodes and catalyze their practical applications in real battery systems.
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Silicon anodes have the potential to store up to 10 times as many lithium ions as graphite.
“Silicon anodes have the potential to store up to 10 times as many lithium ions as graphite, which is the current dominant anode material [38,39].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
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Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries
Jones, E. C. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17112685 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Je, M., Han, D.-Y., Ryu, J., & Park, S.
- Affiliations
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (KR)
- Sogang University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Ryu, Jaegeon
- Park, Soojin
- Venue
- Accounts of Chemical Research
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-08-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 2213-2224
- ISSN
- 0001-4842 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4898
- PMC
- PMC10433510
- OpenAlex
- W4385444104
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 13.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Accounts of Chemical Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2015M3D3A1A01064929, 2023R1A2C2003939)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, silicon nanoparticles, volume expansion, solid electrolyte interphase, silicon microparticles, particle fracture, mass loading, energy density, side reactions
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