Cited by 652CO2 Reduction Techniques and CatalystsAdvanced Photocatalysis TechniquesCatalysts for Methane Reforming

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 279 of the 279 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Theoretical Insights into Heterogeneous (Photo)electrochemical CO2Reduction

Xu, Shenzhen, Carter, Emily A.·2019·Chemical Reviews

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO 2 reduction technologies offer the promise of zero-carbon-emission renewable fuels needed for heavy-duty transportation. However, the inert nature of the CO 2 molecule poses a fundamental challenge that must be overcome before efficient (photo)electrochemical CO 2 reduction at scale will be achieved. Optimal catalysts exhibit enduring stability, fast kinetics, high selectivity, and low manufacturing cost. Identifying catalytic mechanisms of CO 2 reduction in (photo)electrochemical systems could accelerate design of efficient catalysts. In recent decades, numerous theoretical studies have contributed to our understanding of CO 2 reduction pathways and identifying rate-limiting steps. Although a significant body of work exists regarding homogeneous electrocatalysis for CO 2 reduction, this review focuses specifically on the theory of heterogeneous (photo)electrochemical reduction. We first give an overview of the relevant thermodynamics and semiconductor physics. We then introduce important, widely used theoretical techniques and modeling approaches to catalysis. Recent progress in elucidating mechanisms of heterogeneous (photo)electrochemical CO 2 reduction is discussed through the lens of two experimental systems: pyridine (Py)-catalyzed CO 2 (photo)electrochemical reduction at p-GaP photoelectrodes and electrochemical CO 2 reduction at Cu electrodes. We close by proposing strategies and principles for the future design of (photo)electrochemical catalysts to improve the selectivity and reaction kinetics of CO 2 reduction.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00481

Cites

279 of 279 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple
Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.3865 · Cited by 215,824
Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set
Kresse, G., & Furthmüller, J. (1996) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.54.11169 · Cited by 123,652
Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange
Becke, A. D. (1993) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.464913 · Cited by 103,767
Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set
Kresse, G., & Furthmüller, J. (1996) · Computational Materials Science · doi:10.1016/0927-0256(96)00008-0 · Cited by 76,871
Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects
Kohn, W., & Sham, L. J. (1965) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.140.a1133 · Cited by 64,135
A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H-Pu
Grimme, S., Antony, J., Ehrlich, S., & Krieg, H. (2010) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.3382344 · Cited by 59,686
Inhomogeneous Electron Gas
Hohenberg, P., & Kohn, W. (1964) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.136.b864 · Cited by 53,541
Semiempirical GGA‐type density functional constructed with a long‐range dispersion correction
Grimme, S. (2006) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.20495 · Cited by 31,214
Accurate and simple analytic representation of the electron-gas correlation energy
Perdew, J. P., & Wang, Y. (1992) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.45.13244 · Cited by 25,265
Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions
Hoover, W. G. (1985) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.31.1695 · Cited by 23,852

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 278 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Yu K., 2016, Fragmentation: Toward Accurate Calculations on Complex Molecular Systems
Stern O., 1924, Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem., 30, 508

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 652

Boosting the Proton‐coupled Electron Transfer via Fe−P Atomic Pair for Enhanced Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction
Zhang, Q., Tsai, H. J., Li, F., Wei, Z., He, Q., Ding, J., Liu, Y., Lin, Z., Yang, X., Chen, Z., et al. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202311550 · Cited by 79
Photo-bioelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction for a circular energy landscape
Weliwatte, N. S., & Minteer, S. D. (2021) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.08.003 · Cited by 78
Porous metal-porphyrin triazine-based frameworks for efficient CO2 electroreduction
Feng, S., Zheng, W., Zhu, J., Li, Z., Yang, B., Wen, Z., Lü, J., Lei, L., Wang, S., & Hou, Y. (2020) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118908 · Cited by 76
In Situ Electrocatalytic Infrared Spectroscopy for Dynamic Reactions
Liu, H., Qi, Z., & Song, L. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c07689 · Cited by 77
CO2 Reduction to Methane and Ethylene on a Single-Atom Catalyst: A Grand Canonical Quantum Mechanics Study
Osella, S., & Goddard, W. A. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c05650 · Cited by 77
Accurate descriptions of molecule-surface interactions in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction on the copper surfaces
Chen, Z., Liu, Z., & Xu, X. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36695-7 · Cited by 74
Direct ocean capture: the emergence of electrochemical processes for oceanic carbon removal
Aleta, P., Refaie, A., Afshari, M., Hassan, A. H., & Rahimi, M. (2023) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d3ee01471a · Cited by 80
Rational design of copper-based electrocatalysts and electrochemical systems for CO2 reduction: From active sites engineering to mass transfer dynamics
Zhong, Y., Wang, S., Li, M., Ma, J., Song, S., Kumar, A., Duan, H., Kuang, Y., & Sun, X. (2021) · Materials Today Physics · doi:10.1016/j.mtphys.2021.100354 · Cited by 73
Functional crystalline porous framework materials based on supramolecular macrocycles
Wu, Y., Tang, M., Barsoum, M. L., Chen, Z., & Huang, F. (2025) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d3cs00939d · Cited by 75
Recent advances of mixed-transition-metal-substituted polyoxometalates
Wang, Z., Xin, X., Zhang, M., Li, Z., Lv, H., & Yang, G. (2022) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11426-022-1276-4 · Cited by 73
Direct conversion of CO and H2O to hydrocarbons at atmospheric pressure using a TiO2−x/Ni photothermal catalyst
Qin, X., Xu, M. H., Guan, J., Li, F., Xu, Y., Zheng, L., Wang, M., Zhao, J., Chen, J.-L., Zhang, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01418-1 · Cited by 73
Fundamental Insights into Photoelectrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Elucidating the Reaction Pathways
Zuo, L., Deng, Y., Chen, L., He, T., Yang, J., & Zhang, J. (2024) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.4c04795 · Cited by 74
Fundamentals, On-Going Advances and Challenges of Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Kou, Z., Li, X., Wang, T., Ma, Y., Zang, W., Nie, G., & Wang, J. (2021) · Electrochemical Energy Reviews · doi:10.1007/s41918-021-00096-5 · Cited by 79
Solar energy storage to chemical: Photocatalytic CO2 reduction over pristine metal-organic frameworks with mechanistic studies
Shah, S. S. A., Nazir, M. A., Khan, K., Hussain, I., Tayyab, M., Alarfaji, S. S., Hassan, A. M., Sohail, M., Javed, M. S., & Najam, T. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109725 · Cited by 72
Light-driven enzymatic nanosystem for highly selective production of formic acid from CO2
Yu, S., Lv, P., Xue, P., Wang, K., Yang, Q., Zhou, J., Wang, M., Wang, L., Chen, B., & Tan, T. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.127649 · Cited by 70
Construction of Spatially Separated Gold Nanocrystal/Cuprous Oxide Architecture for Plasmon-Driven CO 2 Reduction
Jia, H., Li, F., Chow, T. H., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Lu, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, C. (2022) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02927 · Cited by 71
On–Off Switching of a Photocatalytic Overall Reaction through Dynamic Spin-State Transition in a Hofmann Clathrate System
Huang, G., Xia, Y., Yang, F. L., Long, W., Liu, J., Liao, J., Zhang, M., Liu, J., & Lan, Y. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c09513 · Cited by 71
Progress in Computational and Machine‐Learning Methods for Heterogeneous Small‐Molecule Activation
Gu, G. H., Choi, C., Lee, Y., Situmorang, A. B., Noh, J., Kim, Y., & Jung, Y. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201907865 · Cited by 72
Recent Advances in Black TiO2 Nanomaterials for Solar Energy Conversion
Liao, L., Wang, M., Li, Z., Wang, X., & Zhou, W. (2023) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano13030468 · Cited by 70
Advances in photothermal conversion of carbon dioxide to solar fuels
Gao, W., Li, Y., Xiao, D., & Ma, D. (2023) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2023.04.024 · Cited by 70
Defect-Induced Synergetic Effect of Bi-Based Compounds for One-Pot Conversion of Organic Pollutants into CO via Coupling Photodegradation of Carbamazepine with Photoreduction of CO 2
Zheng, L., Tian, L., Zhang, L., Yu, J., Chen, Y., Fu, Q., Liu, X.-Z., Wu, D., & Zou, J. (2024) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.3c04820 · Cited by 67
Impact of structure, doping and defect-engineering in 2D materials on CO 2 capture and conversion
Jelmy, E. J., Thomas, N., Mathew, D. T., Louis, J., Padmanabhan, N. T., Kumaravel, V., John, H., & Pillai, S. C. (2021) · Reaction Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1039/d1re00214g · Cited by 69
Hexagonal MBene (Hf2BO2): A Promising Platform for the Electrocatalysis of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Feng, S., Miao, N., & Wang, J. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c16449 · Cited by 66
Photoreduction of carbon dioxide and photodegradation of organic pollutants using alkali cobalt oxides MCoO2 (M = Li or Na) as catalysts
Chen, H.-L., Liu, F., Xiao, X., Lin, Y., Hu, J., Liu, G.-Y., Gao, B., Zou, D., & Chen, C. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114930 · Cited by 68
The simultaneous adsorption, activation and in situ reduction of carbon dioxide over Au-loading BiOCl with rich oxygen vacancies
Li, Y.-L., Liu, Y., Mu, H.-Y., Liu, R., Hao, Y., Wang, X., Hildebrandt, D., Liu, X., & Li, F. (2021) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d0nr08314c · Cited by 66
How computations accelerate electrocatalyst discovery
Ling, C., Cui, Y., Lu, S., Bai, X., & Wang, J. (2022) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2022.03.015 · Cited by 69
General applications of density functional theory in photocatalysis
Du, S., & Zhang, F. (2024) · CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (CHINESE VERSION) · doi:10.1016/s1872-2067(24)60006-9 · Cited by 65
Construction of Thiazolo[5,4‑ d ]thiazole-based Two-Dimensional Network for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Wang, Y., Liu, H., Pan, Q., Ding, N., Yang, C., Zhang, Z., Jia, C., Li, Z., Liu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c12173 · Cited by 64
Insights into the development of Cu-based photocathodes for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) conversion
Wang, K., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Qiu, W., Wang, Q., Yang, X., Liu, M., Qiu, X., Li, W., & Li, J. (2021) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d0gc04417b · Cited by 64
High-Throughput Screening of Nitrogen-Coordinated Bimetal Catalysts for Multielectron Reduction of CO 2 to CH 4 with High Selectivity and Low Limiting Potential
Wang, S., Li, L., Li, J., Yuan, C., Kang, Y., Hui, K. S., Zhang, J., Bin, F., Fan, X., Chen, F., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10802 · Cited by 63
Tandem photoelectrochemical and photoredox catalysis for efficient and selective aryl halides functionalization by solar energy
Chen, Y., Lei, T., Hu, H., Wu, H., Zhou, S., Li, X., Chen, B., Tung, C., & Wu, L. (2021) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2021.05.004 · Cited by 63
Stand-Alone CdS Nanocrystals for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with High Efficiency and Selectivity
Feng, Y., Wang, H., Wang, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, M., & Lu, T. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c03606 · Cited by 63
Quantum embedding theories to simulate condensed systems on quantum computers
Vorwerk, C., Sheng, N., Govoni, M., Huang, B., & Galli, G. (2022) · Nature Computational Science · doi:10.1038/s43588-022-00279-0 · Cited by 73
Fiber-like ZnO with highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction
Ma, X., Li, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, H., Bai, L., Qi, J., You, F., & Yuan, F. (2022) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.048 · Cited by 63
Interfacial Field-Driven Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer at Graphite-Conjugated Organic Acids
Warburton, R. E., Hutchison, P., Jackson, M. N., Pegis, M. L., Surendranath, Y., & Hammes‐Schiffer, S. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c10632 · Cited by 71
Porphyrin and single atom featured reticular materials: recent advances and future perspective of solar-driven CO 2 reduction
Gopalakrishnan, V. N., Becerra, J., Pena, E. F., Mohan, S., Béland, F., & Do, T. (2021) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1gc02439f · Cited by 60
Electron and Hole Mobilities in Bulk Hematite from Spin-Constrained Density Functional Theory
Ahart, C. S., Rosso, K. M., & Blumberger, J. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c13507 · Cited by 62
Three-Phase Interface Construction on Hydrophobic Carbonaceous Catalysts for Highly Active and Selective Photocatalytic CO 2 Conversion
Huang, Q.-S., Chu, C., Li, Q., Liu, Q., Liu, X., Sun, J., Ni, B., & Mao, S. (2023) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.3c01612 · Cited by 62
Upcycling plastic wastes into value-added products via electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis
Kim, S., Kong, D., Zheng, X., & Park, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2024.01.010 · Cited by 63
Solar-Driven Sustainability: III–V Semiconductor for Green Energy Production Technologies
Chandran, B., Oh, J., Lee, S., Um, D., Kim, S., Vignesh, V., Park, J. S., Shuo, H., Lee, C., & Ra, Y. (2024) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-024-01412-6 · Cited by 63
Confining Chainmail‐Bearing Ni Nanoparticles in N‐doped Carbon Nanotubes for Robust and Efficient Electroreduction of CO2
Niu, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Fang, D., Zhang, L., & Wang, C. (2021) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.202002596 · Cited by 61
Superlative Porous Organic Polymers for Photochemical and Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Applications: From Synthesis to Functionality
Ali, S. A., Sadiq, I., & Ahmad, T. (2024) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00310 · Cited by 60
Inner Sphere Electron Transfer Promotion on Homogeneously Dispersed Fe-Nx Centers for Energy-Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Nandan, R., Devi, H. R., Kumar, R., Singh, A. K., Srivastava, C., & Nanda, K. K. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c08086 · Cited by 60
Current density in solar fuel technologies
Romano, V., D’Angelo, G., Perathoner, S., & Centi, G. (2021) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d1ee02512k · Cited by 61
Exploring the Catalytic Properties of Unsupported and TiO2-Supported Cu5 Clusters: CO2 Decomposition to CO and CO2 Photoactivation
López‐Caballero, P., Hauser, A. W., & de Lara‐Castells, M. P. (2019) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06620 · Cited by 59
Formation of C–C bonds during electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction on non-copper electrodes
Zhou, Y., & Yeo, B. S. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d0ta08402f · Cited by 59
Asymmetric Cu-N sites on copper oxide photocathode for photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction towards C2 products
Wang, K., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Chen, L., Liu, M., Qiu, X., Li, J., & Li, W. (2022) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121616 · Cited by 59
Advances and challenges of electrolyzers for large-scale CO2 electroreduction
Yuan, L., Zeng, S., Zhang, X., Ji, X., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Materials Reports Energy · doi:10.1016/j.matre.2023.100177 · Cited by 60
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes towards carbon neutral wastewater treatment: A review
Li, W., Song, G., Sun, J., & Zhou, M. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.148044 · Cited by 61
Dual-atom Cu2/N-doped carbon catalyst for electroreduction of CO2 to C2H4
Sun, G., Cao, Y., Li, D., Hu, M., Liang, X., Wang, Z., Cai, Z., Shen, F., Chen, B., & Zhou, K. (2023) · Applied Catalysis A General · doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2023.119025 · Cited by 58
Tuning Structures and Microenvironments of Cu-Based Catalysts for Sustainable CO 2 and CO Electroreduction
Lv, X., Liu, Z., Yang, C., Ji, Y., & Zheng, G. (2023) · Accounts of Materials Research · doi:10.1021/accountsmr.2c00216 · Cited by 57
Metal surfaces catalyse polarization-dependent hydride transfer from H2
Wang, H., Toh, W. L., Tang, B. Y., & Surendranath, Y. (2023) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-023-00944-1 · Cited by 60
Highly Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CH4 by Ball-Milled Cubic Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles under Visible-Light Irradiation
Li, H., & Sun, J. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c19945 · Cited by 57
Mechanism-of-Action Elucidation of Reversible Li–CO2 Batteries Using the Water-in-Salt Electrolyte
Feng, N., Wang, B., Yu, Z., Gu, Y., Xu, L., Ma, J., Wang, Y., & Xia, Y. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c01306 · Cited by 56
Advances and challenges in modeling solvated reaction mechanisms for renewable fuels and chemicals
Basdogan, Y., Maldonado, A. M., & Keith, J. A. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Molecular Science · doi:10.1002/wcms.1446 · Cited by 57
How Rh surface breaks CO2 molecules under ambient pressure
Kim, J. J., Ha, H., Doh, W. H., Ueda, K., Mase, K., Kondoh, H., Mun, B. S., Kim, H. Y., & Park, J. Y. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19398-1 · Cited by 54
A phosphate-derived bismuth catalyst with abundant grain boundaries for efficient reduction of CO 2 to HCOOH
Xing, Y., Chen, H., Liu, Y., Sheng, Y., Zeng, J., Geng, Z., & Bao, J. (2020) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d0cc06756c · Cited by 53
A perspective on the electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol with metallomacrocyclic catalysts
Liu, X., Li, B., Ni, B., Wang, L., & Peng, H. (2021) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.059 · Cited by 55
Photoelectrochemical CO2 electrolyzers: From photoelectrode fabrication to reactor configuration
Abarca, J. A., Díaz‐Sainz, G., Merino‐Garcia, I., Irabien, Á., & Albo, J. (2023) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2023.06.032 · Cited by 55
Strategies for improving the stability of perovskite for photocatalysis: A review of recent progress
Li, H., Lai, C., Wei, Z., Zhou, X., Liu, S., Qin, L., Yi, H., Fu, Y., Li, L., Zhang, M., et al. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140395 · Cited by 54
Novel technologies for CO2 conversion to renewable fuels, chemicals, and value-added products
Awogbemi, O., & Desai, D. A. (2025) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-025-04214-w · Cited by 56
High entropy materials frontier and theoretical insights for logistics CO2 reduction and hydrogenation: Electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and thermo-catalysis
Shaikh, J. S., Rittiruam, M., Saelee, T., Márquez, V., Shaikh, N. S., Khajondetchairit, P., Pathan, S. C., Jiraborvornpongsa, N., Praserthdam, S., & Praserthdam, P. (2023) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172232 · Cited by 53
Molybdenum Atom-Mediated Salphen-Based Covalent Organic Framework as a Promising Electrocatalyst for the Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: A First-Principles Study
Ball, B., Das, P., & Sarkar, P. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08779 · Cited by 51
Novel 2D/2D BiOBr/Zn(OH)2 photocatalysts for efficient photoreduction CO2
Qin, W., Yang, Q., Ye, H., Xie, Y., Shen, Z., Guo, Y., Deng, Y., Ling, Y., Yu, J. Y., Luo, G., et al. (2022) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122721 · Cited by 51
Solar driven CO 2 reduction: from materials to devices
Wan, L., Chen, R., Cheung, D. W. F., Wu, L., & Luo, J. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d3ta00267e · Cited by 51
Increasing the optical response of TiO 2 and extending it into the visible region through surface activation with highly stable Cu 5 clusters
de Lara‐Castells, M. P., Hauser, A. W., Lopez, J., Buceta, D., Giovanetti, L. J., López-Quintela, M. A., & Requejo, F. G. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c9ta00994a · Cited by 51
A novel gas flow-through photocatalytic reactor based on copper-functionalized nanomembranes for the photoreduction of CO2 to C1-C2 carboxylic acids and C1-C3 alcohols
Giusi, D., Ampelli, C., Genovese, C., Perathoner, S., & Centi, G. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.127250 · Cited by 53
Efficient Mesh Interface Engineering: Insights from Bubble Dynamics in Electrocatalysis
Li, L., Jiang, W., Zhang, G. C., Feng, D., Zhang, C., Yao, W. F., & Wang, Z. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c07637 · Cited by 50
Advancement in electrochemical, photocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction: Recent progress in the role of oxygen vacancies in catalyst design
Devi, P., Verma, R. K., & Singh, J. P. (2022) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102211 · Cited by 49
Advanced carbon nitride‐based single‐atom photocatalysts
Zhang, Z., Xiang, K., Wang, H., Li, X., Zou, J., Liang, G., & Jiang, J. (2024) · SusMat · doi:10.1002/sus2.229 · Cited by 50
Nanocluster and single-atom catalysts for thermocatalytic conversion of CO and CO 2
Doherty, F., Wang, H., Yang, M., & Goldsmith, B. R. (2020) · Catalysis Science & Technology · doi:10.1039/d0cy01316a · Cited by 51
Construction of In 2 S 3 @NH 2 -MIL-68(In)@In 2 S 3 Sandwich Homologous Heterojunction for Efficient CO 2 Photoreduction
Hou, Q., Li, X., Pi, Y., & Xiao, J. (2020) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03952 · Cited by 50
Insight into the Photocatalytic Activity of Cobalt-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Composites
Ejsmont, A., Jankowska, A., & Gościańska, J. (2022) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal12020110 · Cited by 49
Molecular Modulation of Sequestered Copper Sites for Efficient Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane
Zhang, K., Xu, J., Yan, T., Lin, J. H., Zhang, J., Shao, C., Zhang, L., Han, N., & Li, Y. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202214062 · Cited by 49
Grain Boundary Engineering of Cu–Ag Thin-Film Catalysts for Selective (Photo)Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to CO and CH4
Dong, W. J., Lim, J. W., Hong, D. M., Kim, J., Park, J.-Y., Cho, W. S., Baek, S., & Lee, J. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c03735 · Cited by 50
CO2 reduction to formic acid via NH2-C@Cu2O photocatalyst in situ derived from amino modified Cu-MOF
Zhu, Q., Cao, Y., Tao, Y., Li, T., Zhang, Y., Shang, H., Song, J., & Li, G. (2021) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101781 · Cited by 49
Unraveling a Concerted Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Pathway in Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters
Huang, K., Yang, Z., Yang, M., Chen, T.-S., Tang, S., Sun, W.-M., Yao, Q., Deng, H., Chen, W., & Xie, J. (2024) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.4c01180 · Cited by 48
d-band center engineering of single Cu atom and atomic Ni clusters for enhancing electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO
Li, R., Tung, C., Zhu, B., Lin, Y., Tian, F.-Z., Liu, T., Chen, H. M., Kuang, P., & Yu, J. (2024) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.176 · Cited by 48
Revisiting Competing Paths in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Copper via Embedded Correlated Wavefunction Theory
Zhao, Q. X., & Carter, E. A. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00583 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Advancements and Challenges in Reductive Conversion of Carbon Dioxide via Thermo-/Photocatalysis
Qiu, L., Yao, X., Zhang, Y., Li, H., & He, L. (2022) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.2c02179 · Cited by 47
Ultrahighly Efficient Narrowband Red Luminescence of Uniquely Distorted Mn 4+ Octahedron in the Feldspar‐Type LED Phosphor
Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Yan, K., & Sun, J. (2023) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202200940 · Cited by 47
Customizing Highly Asymmetrical Coordination Microenvironment into P‐Block Metal Single‐Atom Sites to Boost Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Zhou, S., Wei, W., Cai, X., Ma, D., Wang, S.-M., Li, X., & Zhu, Q. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202311422 · Cited by 48
Sustainable carbon materials in environmental and energy applications
Sun, Z., Liao, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, S., Kan, Q., Wu, Z., Yu, L., Dong, Z., Wang, Z., He, R., et al. (2025) · Sustainable Carbon Materials · doi:10.48130/scm-0025-0002 · Cited by 51
Photocorrosion behavior of Cu2O nanowires during photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction
Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, K., Qiu, W., Chen, L., Li, W., & Li, J. (2022) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116252 · Cited by 46
Pyrrolic N-doped carbon catalysts for highly efficient electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 with superior CO selectivity over a wide potential window
Sun, G., Cao, Y., Hu, M., Liang, X., Wang, Z., Cai, Z.-J., Shen, F.-Y., Shen, F., Wang, Z., & Zhou, K.-B. (2023) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118320 · Cited by 46
Co-porphyrin/Ru-pincer complex coupled polymer with Z-scheme molecular junctions and dual single-atom sites for visible light-responsive CO2 reduction
Chen, S., Kong, P., Niu, H., Liu, H., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Li, R., Guo, Y., & Peng, T. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.133357 · Cited by 47
Coordination anchoring synthesis of high-density single-metal-atom sites for electrocatalysis
Zhao, L., Wang, S., Liang, S., An, Q., Fu, J., & Hu, J. (2022) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214603 · Cited by 45
New insight into photocatalytic CO2 conversion with nearly 100% CO selectivity by CuO-Pd/HxMoO3−y hybrids
Yin, H., & Li, J. (2022) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121927 · Cited by 43
Theoretical study of β12 borophene supported metal for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction
Liu, M., Balamurugan, J., Liang, T., & Liu, C. (2023) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158594 · Cited by 45
Toward Functionality and Deactivation of Metal‐Single‐Atom in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
Cheng, L., Wu, Q., Sun, H., Tang, Y., & Xiang, Q. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202406807 · Cited by 44
Epitaxial Bi4O5Br2 nanosheets on hollow carbon spheres for confined electron pump reactor and enhanced photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation reduction
Wang, B., Chen, H., Huang, F., Liu, J., Liu, G., Weng, Y., She, Y., Zhu, X., Li, H., Xia, J., et al. (2025) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125394 · Cited by 44
On factors limiting the performance of photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction
Liu, Y., & Guo, L. (2020) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5141390 · Cited by 44
Evidence of Local Corrosion of Bimetallic Cu–Sn Catalysts and Its Effects on the Selectivity of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Dong, W. J., Lim, J. W., Hong, D. M., Park, J.-Y., Cho, W. S., Baek, S., Yoo, C. J., Kim, W., & Lee, J. (2020) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.0c01617 · Cited by 45
Electrochemical and photochemical CO2 reduction using diamond
Yu, S., Yang, N., Liu, S., & Jiang, X. (2021) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.01.116 · Cited by 44
Plasma assisted CO2 splitting to carbon and oxygen: A concept review analysis
Centi, G., Perathoner, S., & Papanikolaou, G. (2021) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101775 · Cited by 43
Sub-nanomaterials for Photo/Electro-catalytic CO2 Reduction: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities
Wang, X., Zhao, Z., Zahra, K., Li, J., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Chemical Research in Chinese Universities · doi:10.1007/s40242-023-3123-0 · Cited by 42
Research Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects of Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technology
Dang, H., Guan, B., Chen, J., Ma, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Guo, Z., Chen, L., Hu, J., Yi, C., et al. (2024) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04591 · Cited by 43
Tailoring the Product Distribution of Co2 Hydrogenation Via Engineering of Al Location in Zeolite
Gu, Y., Liang, J., Wang, Y., Huo, K., Li, M., Wang, W., He, R., Yasuda, S., Gao, X., Yang, G., et al. (2023) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.123842 · Cited by 43
Tracking dynamic evolution of catalytic active sites in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction by in situ time‐resolved spectroscopy
Chen, G., Chen, K., Fu, J., & Liu, M. (2020) · Rare Metals · doi:10.1007/s12598-020-01416-2 · Cited by 44
Atomic alkali metal anchoring on graphdiyne as single-atom catalysts for capture and conversion of CO2 to HCOOH
Feng, Z., Su, G., Ding, H., Ma, Y., Li, Y., Tang, Y., & Dai, X. (2020) · Molecular Catalysis · doi:10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111142 · Cited by 41

Authors: Xu, S., & Carter, E. A.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
Corresponding author: Carter, Emily A.
ORCID: Xu, Shenzhen
Carter, Emily A.
Venue: Chemical Reviews
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2018-12-18
Volume: 119
Issue: 11
Pages: 6631-6669
ISSN: 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
1520-6890
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00481
OpenAlex: W2903681646
Cited by: 652
References: 278
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 22
FWCI: 2.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-14-1-0254)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
Keywords: CO2 reduction, photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction, electrochemical CO2 reduction, heterogeneous catalysis, catalytic mechanism, copper electrode, reaction kinetics, selectivity, catalyst design, semiconductor physics, reaction thermodynamics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Theoretical Insights into Heterogeneous (Photo)electrochemical CO2Reduction

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks