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Cited by 1,330Carbon Dioxide Capture TechnologiesClimate Change Policy and EconomicsRenewable energy and sustainable power systems

Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality

Open access
Wang, Fang, Harindintwali, Jean Damascene, Yuan, Zhizhang, Wang, Min, Wang, Faming, Li, Sheng, Yin, Zhigang, Huang, Lei +50 more·2021·The Innovation
DOI 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100180PMC PMC8633420
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Abstract

from the atmosphere. Herein, we review innovative technologies that offer solutions achieving carbon (C) neutrality and sustainable development, including those for renewable energy production, food system transformation, waste valorization, C sink conservation, and C-negative manufacturing. The wealth of knowledge disseminated in this review could inspire the global community and drive the further development of innovative technologies to mitigate climate change and sustainably support human activities.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review surveys technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, covering renewable energy, food system transformation, waste valorization, carbon sink conservation, CCUS, and satellite/Digital Earth monitoring. It argues that no single technology is sufficient and that integrated technological, policy, and behavioral changes are needed to reduce GHG emissions and enhance carbon sequestration.

Key findings

  • Renewable energy technologies include solar, wind, ocean, bioenergy, H2, nuclear, geothermal, and energy storage. The share of renewables in global electricity production grew from 27% in 2019 to 29% in 2020; nuclear accounts for 40% of low-C electricity generation worldwide and avoids about 1.7 Gt CO2 emissions per year; geothermal energy provided 62% of Iceland’s energy production in 2020 and achieved about 300 million tons of annual CO2 emission reduction globally in 2020.
  • Food systems account for more than one-third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, with 71% from agricultural crop-livestock production systems and land-use change. Forests absorb 45% of anthropogenic GHG emissions, the ocean sequesters 22.7% of annual human CO2 emissions, and the global forest net C sink is estimated at 10.7 Gt CO2-eq year−1; grasslands store about 343 Gt C and act as a sink for about 1.83 Gt CO2-eq year−1.
  • Biochar can reduce soil CH4 emissions by 39.5% and soil N2O emissions by 30.92%, and biochar in cement composites can improve flexural strength by 66%, toughness by 103%, and compressive strength by 40%–50%. For CCUS, the IEA forecasts that 19% of CO2 emissions must be captured and stored to keep global temperature rise below 2°C by 2050, and without CCUS the total cost of CO2 reduction will rise by 70% by 2050.
  • Satellite observation for carbon neutrality includes GOSAT launched by Japan in 2009, OCO-2 by the United States in 2014, and TANSAT by China in 2016; Europe’s Sentinel-5P has achieved inversions for CH4, NO2, CO, O3, and other gases, and a new ESA satellite combining CO2 and NO2 observations is expected in 2025.

Methods

  • Design: This is a narrative review, not primary research; it synthesizes published literature and technologies for carbon neutrality across energy, food, ecosystems, waste, CCUS, and satellite/Digital Earth domains.
  • Data or sample: Not stated in the paper; no primary dataset, sample, or systematic search protocol is described.
  • Main analysis: Qualitative synthesis of technologies, current status, challenges, and future perspectives, with selected quantitative estimates drawn from cited literature.

Limitations

  • Paper-stated: Many technologies remain at early R&D or demonstration stages, with high cost and energy consumption, scalability constraints, intermittency and storage challenges, uncertain long-term safety for CO2 storage, and unresolved scientific principles for ocean negative emissions.
  • Paper-stated: Biochar effectiveness depends on feedstock, production conditions, and post-production processes, and unsuitable biochar may negatively impact plants and beneficial soil microorganisms.
  • Evident from the text: As a narrative review, it lacks a systematic review protocol, inclusion criteria, quantitative meta-analysis, and primary data collection, so the strength of evidence varies across the technologies discussed.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100180

Cites

331 of 331 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Premisecitation

    In 2016, energy and food systems accounted for more than 90% of all global greenhouse gas emissions, mainly in the form of CO2.

    “In 2016, energy and food systems accounted for more than 90% of all global emissions of GHGs (mainly in the form of CO2).7”
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    • cites [7] Ritchie

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    The global average temperature in 2020 was 1.2°C warmer than the pre-industrial temperature.

    “The global average temperature in 2020 was 1.2°C warmer than the pre-industrial temperature, and the effects of this warming are felt globally.14”
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    • cites [14]

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    Molten salt reactors are in the framework of the Generation IV International Forum because of their nuclear safety and sustainability.

    “Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are in the framework of the Generation IV International Forum because of their nuclear safety and sustainability.79”
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  • Premisecitation

    When solar thermal technologies, such as concentrated solar power systems, replace natural gas in commercial and residential sectors, an obvious reduction in fossil fuel energy consumption and CO2 emissions has been observed.

    “When solar thermal technologies, such as concentrated solar power systems, are employed in commercial and residential sectors to replace natural gas as a source of energy, an obvious reduction in both energy consumption of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions has been observed.51,52”
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  • Premisecitation

    Gen IV reactor nuclear fission systems have been proposed based on safety, reliability, physical protection, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and proliferation resistance.

    “Therefore, Gen IV reactor nuclear fission systems have been proposed77 based on the following considerations: safety, reliability, physical protection, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and proliferation resistance.”
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    • cites [77] Renault, 2009

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    Premisecitation

    According to the International Energy Agency, if the world is to become carbon neutral by 2050, extraction and development of new crude oil, natural gas, and coal must stop in 2021.

    “According to the International Energy Agency,18 if the world is to become C neutral by 2050, the extraction and development of new crude oil, natural gas, and coal must stop in 2021.”
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    • cites [18] 2021

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    Premisecitation

    Under the 2015 Paris agreement, all countries agreed to keep warming below 2.0°C and to make an effort to curb global warming to less than 1.5°C by achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

    “Under the 2015 Paris agreement, all countries agreed to keep warming below 2.0°C and make an effort to curb global warming to less than 1.5°C by achieving C neutrality by 2050.12,13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    The share of renewables in global electricity production grew from 27% in 2019 to 29% in 2020.

    “with the share of renewables in global electricity production growing from 27% in 2019 to 29% in 2020.20”
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    • cites [20] 2021

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    Interpretationreasoning

    If greenhouse gas emissions keep rising at their current rate, the carbon cycle will be pushed out of dynamic equilibrium, leading to irreversible changes in the climate system.

    “If these emissions keep rising at their current rate, it will push the carbon (C) cycle out of its dynamic equilibrium, leading to irreversible changes in the climate system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Greenhouse gas emissions are expected to increase by 50% by 2050, mainly due to an expected 70% increase in energy-related CO2 emissions.

    “It is expected that GHG emissions will increase by 50% by 2050, mainly due to the expected 70% increase in energy-related CO2 emissions.4,8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    • cites [8] Tilman, 2011, Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

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    Premisecitation

    Renewable resources can provide more than 3,000 times the current global energy demand.

    “Renewable resources can provide more than 3,000 times the current global energy demand.19”
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    • cites [19] Ellabban, 2014, Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. source

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    Premisecitation

    Anthropogenic activities, including fossil fuel use, deforestation, and land-use change, have increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and caused global climate change.

    “These eco-unfriendly practices are the root causes of the increased emissions of anthropogenic sources of global greenhouse gases (GHGs), the primary drivers of climate change.”
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    • cites [6] Hoang, 2021, Mapping the deforestation footprint of nations reveals growing threat to tropical forests, Nat. Ecol. Evol. source

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    Wind power can be regarded as indirect solar energy.

    “This means that wind power could be regarded as indirect solar energy.56”
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    • cites [56] Olabi, 2021, Selection guidelines for wind energy technologies, Energies source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    The new generation of solar cells can complement traditional solar cells and will act as alternative low-cost photovoltaic technologies in many specific areas to provide power generation and thus effectively reduce CO2 emissions.

    “This new generation of solar cells can complement traditional solar cells and will act as alternative low-cost photovoltaic technologies in many specific areas to provide power generation and thus effectively reduce CO2 emissions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Gasification converts carbonaceous materials into combustible or synthetic gas by reacting air, oxygen, or vapor at over 500°C, preferably over 700°C, yielding gases such as H2, CO, and CH4.

    “Gasification converts carbonaceous materials into combustible or synthetic gas by reacting the air, oxygen, or vapor at a temperature of over 500°C, preferably over 700°C, yielding gases such as H2, CO, and CH4.64,65”
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    Premisecitation

    The global potential of wave energy is 29,500 TWh per year.

    “The potential of wave energy globally is 29,500 TWh per year.59”
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    • cites [59] 2020

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    Hydrogen can be stored in gas, liquid, and solid states.

    “Hydrogen can be stored in gas, liquid, and solid states.72,73”
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    • cites [72] He, 2016, Water-enhanced synthesis of higher alcohols from CO2 hydrogenation over a Pt/Co3O4 catalyst under milder conditions, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. source

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    Premisecitation

    The potential for ocean thermal energy is estimated to be 44,000 TWh per year.

    “The potential for this energy is estimated to be 44,000 TWh per year.61”
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    • cites [61] Nihous, 2007, A preliminary assessment of ocean thermal energy conversion resources, J. Energ. Resour.-Asme source

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    Premisecitation

    Tidal energy is estimated to be about 1,200 TWh per year, relatively low among all ocean energy forms due to limited locations from which tidal energy can be harvested.

    “Tidal energy is estimated to be about 1,200 TWh per year, which is relatively low among all ocean energy forms58 due to limited locations from where tidal energy can be harvested.”
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    • cites [58] 2017

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    Premisecitation

    Installing solar panels on rooftops may decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 57% in the near term (approximately 10 years) and achieve carbon neutrality in the long term (about 30 years).

    “Recent research showed that installing solar panels on rooftops may decrease GHG emissions by 57% in the near term (approximately 10 years) and achieve C neutrality in the long term (about 30 years).50”
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    Premisecitation

    Biomass provides 13%-14% of annual global energy consumption.

    “Biomass provides 13%–14% of the annual global energy consumption.62”
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    • cites [62] Statistics

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    Combustion produces approximately 90% of the total renewable energy obtained from biomass.

    “Combustion produces approximately 90% of the total renewable energy obtained from biomass.63”
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    • cites [63] Tursi, 2019, A review on biomass: importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion, BRJ source

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    Premisecitation

    Rapeseed oil (80%-85%) and sunflower oil (10%-15%) are major vegetable oils used for biodiesel production.

    “Rapeseed oil (accounting for 80%–85%) and sunflower oil (accounting for 10%–15%) are major vegetable oils used for biodiesel production.63”
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    • cites [63] Tursi, 2019, A review on biomass: importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion, BRJ source

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    Premisecitation

    Up to now, H2 is almost entirely produced from fossil fuels, consuming around 6% of global natural gas and 2% of global coal, resulting in emissions of around 830 Mt of CO2 per year.

    “Up to now, H2 is almost entirely produced from fossil fuels, consuming around 6% of global natural gas and 2% of global coal, resulting in emissions of around 830 Mt of CO2 per year.69”
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    • cites [69]

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    Premisecitation

    Earth has abundant wind resources, mainly distributed in grasslands, deserts, coastal areas, and islands.

    “The Earth has abundant wind resources, which are mainly distributed in grasslands, deserts, coastal areas, and islands.57”
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    Premisecitation

    Pyrolysis can convert biomass into solid, liquid, or gaseous products by thermal decomposition at around 400°C-1,000°C in the absence of oxygen, producing components such as acids, esters, and alcohols.

    “Pyrolysis can convert biomass into solid, liquid, or gaseous products by thermal decomposition at temperatures around 400°C–1,000°C in the absence of oxygen, producing components such as acids, esters, and alcohols.64”
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    • cites [64] Alper, 2020, Sustainable energy and fuels from biomass: a review focusing on hydrothermal biomass processing, Sustain. Energ. Fuels source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    The pace of transition from conventional to renewable energy is not fast enough, and the world is not on track to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainable development by 2050.

    “Despite this progress in renewable energy use, the pace of transition from conventional to renewable energy is not fast enough, and the world is not on track to achieve C neutrality and sustainable development by 2050.”
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    Premisecitation

    Hydrogen fuel cell technologies have developed rapidly and are ready for commercialization, with commercial sales of hydrogen-powered passenger cars, heavy-duty vehicles, trains, and ships.

    “Hydrogen fuel cell technologies have developed rapidly and are ready for commercialization, to the point that we now see commercial sales of hydrogen-powered passenger cars, such as Mirai, Clarity, and Nexo, and heavy-duty vehicles, trains, and ships.”
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    • cites [76] Shao, 2019, Developing trend and present status of hydrogen energy and fuel cell development, Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci.

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    Premisecitation

    The liquid sunshine concept combines solar energy with captured CO2 and water to generate green liquid fuels and may deliver an ecologically balanced cycle between generation and utilization of CO2 in global production systems.

    “Recently, a new concept of liquid sunshine has been proposed for combining solar energy with captured CO2 and water to generate green liquid fuels, such as methanol and alcohol, which may deliver an ecologically balanced cycle between generation and utilization of CO2 in global production systems.55”
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    • cites [55] Shih, 2018, Powering the future with liquid sunshine, Joule source

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    Premisecitation

    Butanol can be produced through fermentation via an acetone/butanol/ethanol process predominantly carried out by Clostridia strains.

    “Another method for producing butanol is through fermentation, specifically through an acetone/butanol/ethanol process that is predominantly carried out by Clostridia strains.67”
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    • cites [67] Jouzani, 2015, Advances in consolidated bioprocessing systems for bioethanol and butanol production from biomass: a comprehensive review, Biofuel Res. J. source

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    Premisecitation

    Gen IV reactor systems are key pillars of a sustainable and low-carbon energy mix and can support environmental stewardship in both electric and non-electric energy sectors.

    “Furthermore, Gen IV reactor systems are key pillars of a sustainable and low-C energy mix, which can support environmental stewardship in both the electric and non-electric energy sectors.78”
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    • cites [78] Serp, 2014, The molten salt reactor (MSR) in generation IV: overview and perspectives, Prog. Nucl. Energ. source

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    Premisecitation

    Underground H2 storage in large salt caverns and hydrogen transport via existing and refurbished gas pipelines are available at low cost to support long-term energy storage and sector coupling.

    “Underground H2 storage in large salt caverns and hydrogen transport via existing and refurbished gas pipelines are available at low cost to support long-term energy storage and sector coupling.”
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    • cites [75] Messaoudani, 2016, Hazards, safety and knowledge gaps on hydrogen transmission via natural gas grid: a critical review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. source

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    Premisecitation

    Biochemical conversion converts biomass into liquid fuels, natural gas, bio-products, and chemical building blocks using microbes and enzymes as catalysts.

    “Biochemical conversion converts biomass into liquid fuels (e.g., alcohols and alkanes), natural gas (e.g., hydrogen and methane), different types of bio-products (e.g., carotenoids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids), as well as other chemical building blocks (e.g., acetic acid and lactic acid) using microbes and enzymes as the catalyst.66”
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    • cites [66] Liu, 2021, Genomic basis of geographical adaptation to soil nitrogen in rice, Nature source

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    Premisecitation

    In 2021, the US Department of Energy's Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy selected 17 projects for up to $46 million in funding for carbon-free enhanced geothermal projects.

    “In 2021, the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy selected 17 projects for up to $46 million in funding for cutting-edge, domestic, and carbon-free enhanced geothermal projects.89”
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    • cites [89] 2021

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Coupled with renewables, the development of energy storage technologies will contribute to reducing CO2 emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

    “Coupled with renewables, the development of energy storage technologies will contribute to reducing CO2 emissions and achieving C neutrality.”
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    Premisecitation

    Global food systems account for more than one-third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, of which 71% came from agricultural crop-livestock production systems and land-use change activities.

    “global food systems are important GHG sources and account for more than one-third of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions, of which 71% came from agricultural crop-livestock production systems and land-use change activities.110”
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    • cites [110] Crippa, 2021, Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, Nat. Food source

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    Premisecitation

    Turkey is one of the fastest-growing countries in geothermal energy, with a geothermal power generation capacity of 1,549 MW as of 2020.

    “Turkey is one of the fastest-growing countries in geothermal energy, with a geothermal power generation capacity of 1,549 MW as of 2020.88”
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    • cites [88] Goldbrunner, 2020, Austria—country update

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    Premisecitation

    At present, direct geothermal utilization technologies mainly include ground source heat pumps, geothermal heating, geothermal refrigeration, geothermal greenhouse, and geothermal drying.

    “At present, direct geothermal utilization technologies mainly include ground source heat pumps, geothermal heating, geothermal refrigeration, geothermal greenhouse, and geothermal drying.87”
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    • cites [87] Lund, 2021, Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review, Geothermics source

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    Premisecitation

    Lithium-ion batteries have dominated daily life because of their desirable electrochemical performance in energy density and power density, as well as advances in their system design and manufacturing.

    “Lithium-ion batteries have already dominated our daily life because of their desirable electrochemical performance in both energy density and power density, as well as the advances in their system design and manufacturing.98,99”
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    • cites [98] Jiang, 2012, Recent advances in metal oxide-based electrode architecture design for electrochemical energy storage, Adv. Mater. source

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    • cites [99] Lin, 2017, Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries, Nat. Nanotechnol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Forest ecosystems absorb 45% of anthropogenic GHG emissions, and 85%-90% of terrestrial biomass is produced in forest ecosystems.

    “Forest ecosystems are one of the most important global C sinks and absorb 45% of anthropogenic GHG emissions,111 with 85%–90% of terrestrial biomass produced in forest ecosystems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Wang, 2020, Unveiling of active diazotrophs in a flooded rice soil by combination of NanoSIMS and 15N2-DNA-stable isotope probing, Biol. Fert. Soils source

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    Premisecitation

    The world's largest vanadium flow battery project (200 MW/800 MWh) is being built in Dalian, Liaoning.

    “Currently, the world's largest vanadium flow battery project (200 MW/800 MWh) is being built in Dalian, Liaoning.104,105”
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    • cites [104] Zubrinich

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    • cites [105] Weaver

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    Premisecitation

    Geothermal energy is non-carbon-based heat energy contained in the interior of the Earth, with advantages of stability, continuity, and high capacity.

    “Geothermal energy is non-carbon-based heat energy contained in the interior of the Earth, with the advantages of stability, continuity, and high capacity.85”
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    • cites [85] Wu, 2020, The potential of coupled carbon storage and geothermal extraction in a CO2-enhanced geothermal system: a review, Geotherm. Energy source

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    Premisecitation

    Electricity produced from most renewables is random and intermittent, which hinders the widespread application of renewables.

    “The electricity produced from most renewables is random and intermittent, which hinders the widespread application of renewables.90”
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    • cites [90] Lu, 2017, Porous membranes in secondary battery technologies, Chem. Soc. Rev. source

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    Premisecitation

    Intermittent irrigation can substantially reduce CH4 production and increase CH4 oxidation, mitigating CH4 emissions from rice fields.

    “intermittent irrigation can substantially reduce the production of CH4 and increase CH4 oxidation, and thus can be an important choice to mitigate CH4 emissions from rice fields.119,120”
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    • cites [119] Ali, 2020, Effect of water saving irrigation management practices on rice productivity and methane emission during rice cultivation, J. Geosci. Environ. Prot.

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    • cites [120] Hiya, 2020, Effect of water saving irrigation management practices on rice productivity and methane emission from paddy field, J. Geosci. Environ. Prot.

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    Premisecitation

    The ocean covers more than 70% of Earth's surface and currently sequesters 22.7% of annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

    “The ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and plays an important role in capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. Currently, 22.7% of the annual CO2 emitted from human activities is sequestered into the ocean ecosystem.112”
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    • cites [112] Friedlingstein, 2020, Global carbon budget 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 2020, geothermal energy in Iceland provided 62% of the country's energy production, helping it achieve the goal of a zero-carbon country in the future.

    “As a country with a high geothermal utilization rate, geothermal energy in Iceland provided 62% of the country's energy production in 2020, helping it achieve the goal of a zero-carbon country in the future.88”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] Goldbrunner, 2020, Austria—country update

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The vanadium flow battery has been developed as one of the most mature flow battery technologies and is currently at the commercial demonstration stage.

    “The vanadium flow battery, led by the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has been developed as one of the most mature technologies and is currently at the commercial demonstration stage.103”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [103] Yuan, 2018, Ion conducting membranes for aqueous flow battery systems, Chem. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    China, the EU, and Japan have carried out studies on DEMO, and the engineering design of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor was completed in 2021.

    “China,82 the EU,83 and Japan84 have carried out their studies on DEMO, and the engineering design of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor was completed in 2021.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [82] Song, 2014, Concept design of CFETR tokamak machine, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [83] Minucci, 2020, Electrical loads and power systems for the DEMO nuclear fusion project, Energies source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Okano, 2018, An action plan of Japan toward development of demo reactor, Fusion Eng. Des. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Agricultural food production emissions include 4.2 Gt CO2-eq year−1 from enteric fermentation, manure and pasture management, and fuel use in livestock production; 3.6 Gt CO2-eq year−1 from synthetic N fertilizer application and crop production; and 3.3 Gt CO2-eq year−1 from land-use change.

    “with 4.2 Gt CO2-eq year−1 from enteric fermentation, manure and pasture management, and fuel use in livestock production, 3.6 Gt CO2-eq year−1 from synthetic N fertilizer application and crop production for human and animal food, and 3.3 Gt CO2-eq year−1 from changes in land use for crop-livestock production systems.114”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [113] Frank, 2019, Agricultural non-CO2 emission reduction potential in the context of the 1.5 degrees C target, Nat. Clim. Change source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] Poore, 2018, Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Given uncertainties surrounding large-scale implementation of carbon capture and storage in food production systems, alternative technologies are needed to mitigate a substantial portion of GHG emissions from agricultural production.

    “Given the uncertainties surrounding the large-scale implementation of C capture and storage technologies in food production systems,113 alternative technologies or approaches are needed to mitigate a substantial portion of GHG emissions from agricultural production systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [113] Frank, 2019, Agricultural non-CO2 emission reduction potential in the context of the 1.5 degrees C target, Nat. Clim. Change source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    At present, geothermal power generation technologies mainly include dry steam power, flash power, and binary power systems.

    “At present, geothermal power generation technologies mainly include dry steam power, flash power, and binary power systems.86”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [86] Ahmadi, 2020, Applications of geothermal organic rankine cycle for electricity production, J. Clean. Prod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    3-nitrooxypropanol is a promising methanogenesis inhibitor that reduces methane emissions in ruminant animals by up to 40%.

    “3-nitrooxypropanol is the latest developed and promising inhibitor for methanogenesis,127 which has been shown to reduce methane emissions in ruminant animals by up to 40%.128,129”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [127] Zhang, 2021, Combined effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and canola oil supplementation on methane emissions, rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation, and total tract digestibility in beef cattle, J. Anim. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [128] Hristov, 2015, An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [129] Melgar, 2020, Dose-response effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol on enteric methane emissions in dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Significant progress has been made in recent years, and signals point to commercialization of cell-based meat soon.

    “Significant progress has been made in recent years, and signals point to commercialization soon.39”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Rubio, 2020, Plant-based and cell-based approaches to meat production, Nat. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A favorable climate (especially high precipitation) is directly associated with high biomass production and species diversity, which could promote SOC stock, offsetting negative impact of favorable climate on SOC.

    “A favorable climate (especially high precipitation) was directly associated with high biomass production and species diversity, which could promote soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, thus offsetting the negative impact of favorable climate on SOC.158,159”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [158] Chen, 2018, Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [159] Fang, 2018, Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The growth of terrestrial plants is widely limited by soil N and P availabilities; adding these nutrients could enhance plant production and ecosystem C sequestration.

    “The growth of terrestrial plants is widely limited by soil N and P availabilities. Therefore, adding these nutrients to the soil could enhance plant production and ecosystem C sequestration.164,165”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [164] Chowdhury, 2021, Role of cultural and nutrient management practices in carbon sequestration in agricultural soil

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [165] Čapek, 2018, A plant–microbe interaction framework explaining nutrient effects on primary production, Nat. Ecol. Evol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plant factory systems can achieve extremely high productivity and low GHG emissions without altering land-use change compared with traditional systems.

    “Such systems can achieve extremely high productivity and low GHG emissions without altering land-use change compared with the traditional systems.143,144”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [143] Pikaar, 2017, Microbes and the next nitrogen revolution, Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [144] Pikaar, 2018, Decoupling livestock from land use through industrial feed production pathways, Environ. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Shotgun metagenomics can identify rumen microbial communities and genetic markers associated with CH4 emissions, allowing selection of cattle with less CH4 emissions.

    “Shotgun metagenomics provides a platform to identify rumen microbial communities and genetic markers associated with CH4 emissions, allowing the selection of cattle with less CH4 emissions.135, 136, 137”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [135] Auffret, 2018, Identification, comparison, and validation of robust rumen microbial biomarkers for methane emissions using diverse Bos taurus breeds and basal diets, Front. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [136] Wallace, 2019, A heritable subset of the core rumen microbiome dictates dairy cow productivity and emissions, Sci. Adv. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [137] Zhang, 2020, Evaluating biochar and its modifications for the removal of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate in water, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The global forest net C sink is estimated at 10.7 Gt CO2-eq year−1, mainly distributed in temperate regions.

    “The global forest net C sink is estimated at 10.7 Gt CO2-eq year−1,112 which is mainly distributed in temperate regions.145”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [112] Friedlingstein, 2020, Global carbon budget 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [145] Pan, 2011, A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Using manure to produce insect or fungal proteins may replace soy and fish proteins in animal feed and reduce GHG emissions associated with feed production.

    “Using manure to produce insect or fungal proteins is another value-added technology that may replace soy and fish proteins in animal feed and reduce GHG emissions associated with feed production.133”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [133] Bai, 2021, China requires region-specific manure treatment and recycling technologies, Circular Agr. Syst. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Animal breeding techniques can genetically select highly productive animals with less GHG emission intensity, reducing the number of animals required for the same food amount.

    “Animal breeding techniques are to genetically select highly productive animals with less GHG emission intensity,134 thereby reducing the number of animals required to produce the same amount of food.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [134] Knapp, 2014, Invited review: enteric methane in dairy cattle production: quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions, J. Dairy Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cell-based meat is produced through stem cell and large-scale cell culture technologies and has taste and texture similar to real meat.

    “Cell-based meat is produced through the development of stem cell and large-scale cell culture technologies and thus has a taste and texture similar to real meat.138”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [138] Lee, 2020, Status of meat alternatives and their potential role in the future meat market - a review, Asian Austral. J. Anim. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SOC storage and favorable climates (high temperature and precipitation) are consistently negatively related in shrub lands and forests, but not in grasslands.

    “the SOC storage and favorable climates (e.g., high temperature and precipitation) are consistently negatively related in shrub lands and forests, but not in grasslands.160”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [160] Chen, 2018, Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vaccination can induce the host immune system to create antibodies capable of suppressing methanogens, potentially reducing CH4 emissions, particularly in pasture-based systems.

    “Vaccination, by inducing the host immune system to create antibodies capable of suppressing methanogens, has the potential to reduce CH4 emissions and is particularly beneficial for pasture-based systems.130”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [130] Subharat, 2016, Vaccination of sheep with a methanogen protein provides insight into levels of antibody in saliva needed to target ruminal methanogens, PLoS ONE source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grasslands cover around 26% of ice-free land on Earth and store around 34% of global terrestrial C.

    “Grasslands cover around 26% of the ice-free land on Earth and store around 34% of the global terrestrial C.146”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [146] 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The global inland water CO2 evasion rate was estimated to exceed 7.70 Gt CO2-eq year−1.

    “The global inland water CO2 evasion rate was estimated to exceed 7.70 Gt CO2-eq year−1.153”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [153] Raymond, 2013, Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters, Nature source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grasslands are one of the largest terrestrial ecosystems, and grazing is the primary land use of grasslands globally.

    “Grasslands are one of the largest terrestrial ecosystems, and grazing is the primary land use of grasslands globally.169”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [169] Li, 2019, Soil microbial community composition closely associates with specific enzyme activities and soil carbon chemistry in a long-term nitrogen fertilized grassland, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Overgrazing has become one of the dominant causes of grassland degradation, and a high percentage of rangelands worldwide suffers from overuse, leading to declining livestock numbers and economic/social problems.

    “overgrazing has become one of the dominant causes of grassland degradation. A high percentage of rangelands worldwide suffers from overuse of the land, such grasslands support a declining livestock number and, consequently, economic and social problems are created in the communities supported by those grasslands.171”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [171] Deng, 2014, Grassland responses to grazing disturbance: plant diversity changes with grazing intensity in a desert steppe, Grass Forage Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The microbial C pump sequesters C by producing recalcitrant dissolved organic C with a lifespan of >100 years and was regarded as the invisible hand behind a vast C reservoir.

    “The microbial C pump sequesters C by producing recalcitrant dissolved organic C with a lifespan of >100 years198 and was regarded as the invisible hand behind a vast C reservoir.199”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [198] Legendre, 2015, The microbial carbon pump concept: potential biogeochemical significance in the globally changing ocean, Prog. Oceanogr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [199] Stone, 2010, The invisible hand behind a vast carbon reservoir, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Peatlands make up 60% of wetlands in the world and play a crucial role in the C cycle; raising water tables and avoiding draining peatlands should be executed to conserve stored C.

    “Peatlands make up 60% of the wetlands in the world and play a crucial role in the C cycle. Raising water tables and avoiding draining peatlands should be executed to conserve the vital C stored in peatlands.192”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [192] Zhong, 2020, Effects of water level alteration on carbon cycling in peatlands, Ecosyst. Health Sust. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The total amount of C stored in the ocean is about 44 times greater than that in the atmosphere, and the stored C has a mean residence time of several hundred years.

    “The total amount of C stored in the ocean is about 44 times greater than that in the atmosphere, and the stored C has a mean residence time of several hundred years.112,193,194”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [112] Friedlingstein, 2020, Global carbon budget 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [193] Farquhar, 2001, The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [194] 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Since SOC storage of broad-leaved forests is significantly higher than that of coniferous forests, afforestation should use mixed species planting and arrange trees according to shade tolerance and successional characteristics.

    “Since the SOC storage of broad-leaved forests is significantly higher than that of coniferous forests, afforestation should use mixed species planting and trees should be arranged according to the tree species' shade tolerance and successional characteristics.182”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [182] Schulp, 2008, Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories, For. Ecol. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The total annual C sink of the project area was 132 Tg C year−1 in 2001-2010, over half attributed to implementation of these projects.

    “The total annual C sink of the project area was 132 Tg C year−1 in 2001–2010, over half of which was attributed to the implementation of these projects.176”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [176] Lu, 2018, Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Jiao et al. proposed that microorganisms play a vital role in sequestering C as recalcitrant dissolved organic C, described as a microbial C pump.

    “Jiao et al.197 proposed that microorganisms play a vital role in this process and described it as a microbial C pump.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] Jiao, 2010, Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: long-term carbon storage in the global ocean, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Globally, tidal marshes and mangroves capture 196.72 Tg CO2 per year, which is 30% of the organic C deposited on the ocean floor.

    “Globally, tidal marshes and mangroves capture 196.72 Tg CO2 per year, which is 30% of the organic C deposited on the ocean floor.205”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [205] Wang, 2021, Global blue carbon accumulation in tidal wetlands increases with climate change, Natl. Sci. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Promoting sustainable grazing management practices can help reduce GHG emissions and increase C sinks in grazing lands/pastures.

    “Promoting sustainable grazing management practices, including appropriate stocking rates, introducing beneficial forage species, and allowing sufficient rest time for plant recovery between grazing, livestock rotation, and adopting silvopasture in livestock production systems, can help reduce GHG emissions and increase C sinks in grazing lands/pastures.147”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] Mahanta, 2020, Forage based feeding systems of dairy animals: issues, limitations and strategies, Range Manag. Agrofor.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fertilization with N or P could relieve plants from nutrient limitation and allow them to sequester more C in stems and soils; excess N deposition can significantly increase soil C in N-rich tropical forests.

    “Fertilization, usually with N or P, could relieve plants from nutrient limitation and allow them to sequester more C in stems and soils. For example, excess N deposition can significantly increase soil C in N-rich tropical forests.183”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [183] Lu, 2021, Nitrogen deposition accelerates soil carbon sequestration in tropical forests, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The scientific understanding of ocean solubility, biological, and microbial C pumps provides a practical and consistent foundation for research and potential sustainable management of C cycling between land and ocean.

    “The scientific understanding of ocean solubility C pump, biological C pump, and microbial C pump provides a practical and consistent foundation for the research and potential sustainable management of C cycling between land and ocean.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Soil acidification due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application should be avoided to reduce loss of soil inorganic C.

    “Soil acidification due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition in forest and grassland and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in croplands should also be avoided to reduce the loss of soil inorganic C.189,190”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [189] Song, 2021, Significant loss of soil inorganic carbon at the continental scale, Natl. Sci. Rev.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [190] Guo, 2010, Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The estimated magnitude of the microbial C pump in the world ocean is 0.2 Tg C year−1, and some models suggest climate change would enhance C sequestration by the microbial C pump.

    “The estimated magnitude of the microbial C pump in the world ocean is 0.2 Tg C year−1, and some models suggest that climate change would enhance C sequestration by the microbial C pump.198”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [198] Legendre, 2015, The microbial carbon pump concept: potential biogeochemical significance in the globally changing ocean, Prog. Oceanogr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The use of organic fertilizers and crop residues in agricultural soils enhances C sequestration, and new technologies need to be developed to improve C sequestration efficiency.

    “The use of organic fertilizers and crop residues in agricultural soils enhances C sequestration, and new technologies need to be developed to improve the C sequestration efficiency, e.g., by repeated changes of redox conditions similar to rice paddies185 and by promoting microbial diversity152 and abundance in SOC with powering the “microbial C pump” and improved storage of microbial necromass in”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [185] Liang, 2017, The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage, Nat. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [152] Siedt, 2021, Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [186] Kästner, 2018, SOM and microbes—what is left from microbial life

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coastal ecosystems are highly productive in photosynthetically sequestering atmospheric CO2, and a varying fraction of C is buried in tidally inundated suboxic and anoxic sediments, largely preventing return to the atmosphere.

    “These coastal ecosystems are highly productive in photosynthetically sequestering atmospheric CO2,203 and a varying fraction of C is buried in tidally inundated suboxic and anoxic sediments and thereby largely prevented from returning to the atmosphere.204”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [203] Duarte, 2013, The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation, Nat. Clim. Change source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [204] Breithaupt, 2012, Organic carbon burial rates in mangrove sediments: strengthening the global budget, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When agroforestry systems such as silvopasture are applied in suitable locations, C is sequestered in soil and tree biomass, promoting C uptake by expanding niches, lengthening growing season, and enhancing soil fertility with N-fixing species.

    “when agroforestry systems, such as silvopasture, are applied in suitable locations, C is sequestered in soil as well as in tree biomass, which could promote C uptake by expanding the niches from which water and soil nutrients are drawn, lengthening the growing season, and enhancing soil fertility when N-fixing species are included as part of the system.184”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [184] Ramachandran Nair, 2009, Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The most common way to treat waste is open waste burning, which promotes emission of GHGs, carcinogenic compounds, and other toxic substances, posing long-term threats to environment and human health.

    “The most common way to treat the waste is open waste burning, which promotes the emission of GHGs, carcinogenic compounds, and other toxic substances, thereby posing long-term threats to the environment and human health.217”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [217] Yadav, 2019

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although coral calcification releases CO2, coral reefs are important as a C sink because they rapidly convert inorganic C into carbonate minerals, principally CaCO3 accretion.

    “Although coral calcification is accompanied by the release of CO2 into the atmosphere, the importance of coral reefs as a C sink in the ocean cannot be ignored213 because they rapidly convert inorganic C into carbonate minerals, principally as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) accretion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [213] Shi, 2021, Coral reefs: potential blue carbon sinks for climate change mitigation, Bull. Chin. Acade. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reduction of chemical fertilization in agriculture may minimize anthropogenic nutrient flux to marine ecosystems, reducing mobilization of dissolved organic C for degradation and respiration.

    “the reduction of chemical fertilization in agriculture may minimize anthropogenic nutrient flux to marine ecosystems, thereby reducing the mobilization of dissolved organic C for degradation and respiration.209”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [209] Chen, 2009, Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean: continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO2, Deep-sea Res. Pt.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biochar is emerging as an effective and safe natural adsorbent that can capture CO2 and remove diverse organic and inorganic contaminants from solid, aqueous, and/or gaseous media.

    “biochar is emerging as an effective and safe natural adsorbent that can capture CO2229 and remove diverse organic contaminants152 (e.g., antibiotics, aromatic dyes, agrochemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and inorganic contaminants (e.g., phosphate, ammonia, sulfide, and heavy metals) from solid, aqueous, and/or gaseous media.137,230, 231, 232”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [229] Dissanayake, 2020, Biochar-based adsorbents for carbon dioxide capture: a critical review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [152] Siedt, 2021, Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [137] Zhang, 2020, Evaluating biochar and its modifications for the removal of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate in water, Water Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [230] Shaheen, 2019, Wood-based biochar for the removal of potentially toxic elements in water and wastewater: a critical review, Int. Mater. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [231] Liu, 2019, Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) modulate adsorption isotherms between biochar and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether, Chemosphere source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [232] Jia, 2018, Sorption of sulfamethazine to biochars as affected by dissolved organic matters of different origin, Bioresour. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The possibility of producing biochar with multiple functions in a sustainable way positions the biochar industry as a viable hub to create a more sustainable and prosperous future for all people and the environment.

    “The possibility of producing biochar with multiple functions in a sustainable way positions the biochar industry as a viable hub to create a more sustainable and prosperous future for all people and the environment.218”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] Chen, 2019, Past, present, and future of biochar, Biochar source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The C sequestration process of bivalves and seaweed farming is complicated, and scientific principles and processes are gradually being recognized and yet to be resolved.

    “the C sequestration process of bivalves and seaweed farming is complicated, and the scientific principles and processes are gradually being recognized and are yet to be resolved.214”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [214] Zhang, 2021, Strategic approach for mariculture to practice ocean negative carbon emission, Bull. Chin. Acade. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to US EPA, solid waste landfills are the third-largest source of CH4 emissions in the United States, emitting CH4 equivalent to almost 21.6 million passenger vehicles or annual CO2 emissions from energy use of nearly 12 million households in 2019.

    “According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, solid waste landfills are the third-largest source of CH4 emissions in the United States, emitting the same amount of CH4 as almost 21.6 million passenger vehicles driven for an entire year or annual CO2 emissions from energy use of nearly 12 million households in 2019.216”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [216] 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Preventing conversion of coastal ecosystems to other land uses and restoring degraded coastal wetlands can increase C sequestration.

    “Preventing the conversion of these ecosystems to other land uses and restoring degraded coastal wetlands can increase C sequestration.211,212”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [211] Bossio, 2020, The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions, Nat. Sustain. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Brown, 2021, A framework for localizing global climate solutions and their carbon reduction potential, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biochar addition to agricultural soils has improved soil water availability, water holding capacity, nutrient availability, increased soil microbial biomass and activity, reduced risk of crust formation and soil erosion, enhanced antibacterial activity, and reduced mobility and toxicity of environmental pollutants.

    “Biochar addition to agricultural soils has improved soil water availability, water holding capacity, and nutrient availability,235, 236, 237 increased soil microbial biomass and activity,238 reduced risk of crust formation and soil erosion,239 enhanced antibacterial activity,240 and reduced mobility and toxicity of environmental pollutants in the soil.241,242”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [235] Bruun, 2014, Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention, Soil Use Manage. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [236] Hossain, 2020, Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant, Biochar source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [237] Pandit, 2018, Biochar improves maize growth by alleviation of nutrient stress in a moderately acidic low-input Nepalese soil, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [238] Yang, 2019, Effect of gasification biochar application on soil quality: trace metal behavior, microbial community, and soil dissolved organic matter, J. Hazard. Mater. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [239] Hseu, 2014, Impacts of biochar on physical properties and erosion potential of a mudstone slopeland soil, Sci. World J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This process may reduce eutrophication and red tides in rivers and oceans and increase deep ocean C sequestration through the microbial C pump.

    “This process may reduce the eutrophication and red tides in rivers and oceans and increase the deep ocean C sequestration through the microbial C pump.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Eco-engineering practices and approaches, such as land-sea integrated strategies, sustainable mariculture, and marine artificial upwellings, are needed to increase C sequestration in marine ecosystems.

    “Eco-engineering practices and approaches, such as land-sea integrated strategies for C sequestration, sustainable mariculture, and marine artificial upwellings, are also needed to increase C sequestration in marine ecosystems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Mariculture has a huge potential for development of negative C emissions in the ocean.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pyrolysis is widely employed to produce biochar since it preserves one-third of feedstocks as persistent biochar products while also generating bio-oils and non-condensable gases.

    “Among these methods, pyrolysis is widely employed to produce biochar since it preserves one-third of the feedstocks as persistent biochar products while also generating bio-oils and non-condensable gases.221”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [221] Soni, 2020, Towards a continuous pilot scale pyrolysis based biorefinery for production of biooil and biochar from sawdust, Fuel source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The C stored in coastal ecosystems as blue C can be preserved over millennia, and C sequestration efficiency in marine ecosystems is much higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems.

    “The C stored in these coastal ecosystems as blue C can be preserved over millennia, together with the continuous accretion of soil and sediment organic C driven by sea-level rise, the C sequestration efficiency in marine ecosystems is much higher than that of terrestrial ecosystems.205,206”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [205] Wang, 2021, Global blue carbon accumulation in tidal wetlands increases with climate change, Natl. Sci. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [206] Le Quere, 2018, Global carbon budget 2018, Earth Syst. Sci. Data source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biochar can be produced on many different scales, from large industrial to small household scale, and can also be produced on farmland.

    “biochar can be produced on many different scales, from large industrial to small household scale, and can also be produced on farmland.228”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [228] Ghodake, 2021, Review on biomass feedstocks, pyrolysis mechanism and physicochemical properties of biochar: state-of-the-art framework to speed up vision of circular bioeconomy, J. Clean. Prod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    As a soil amendment, biochar can improve plant productivity and photosynthesis rate by enhancing physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, contributing to C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and mitigating climate change.

    “As a soil amendment, it can improve plant productivity and photosynthesis rate by enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil,233 thereby contributing to C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and mitigating climate change.234”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [233] Ye, 2020, Biochar effects on crop yields with and without fertilizer: a meta-analysis of field studies using separate controls, Soil Use Manage. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [234] Woolf, 2010, Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change, Nat. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biochar can reduce soil CH4 emissions by 39.5% and soil N2O emissions by 30.92%.

    “biochar used as a soil amendment can reduce soil CH4 emissions by 39.5%,246 and soil N2O emissions by 30.92%.247”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [246] Han, 2016, Mitigating methane emission from paddy soil with rice-straw biochar amendment under projected climate change, Sci. Rep. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [247] He, 2017, Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes: a meta-analysis, GCB. Bioenergy source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Using biomass to transform, reuse, and recycle CO2 is a sustainable way to mitigate climate change and promote a circular bioeconomy.

    “Using biomass to transform, reuse, and recycle CO2 is a sustainable way to mitigate climate change and promote a circular bioeconomy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Starch-based polymers account for 50%-80% of the global bioplastics and biopolymers market.

    “account for 50%–80% of the global bioplastics and biopolymers market.270”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [270] Jiang, 2020, Starch-based biodegradable materials: challenges and opportunities, Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biochar has been shown to mitigate GHG emissions during composting, and its application is recommended for optimizing composting and conservation of C, N, and other compost minerals.

    “biochar has been shown to mitigate the emission of GHGs (CH4, N2O, and CO2) during composting, and its application is highly recommended for optimizing the composting process and conservation of C, N, and other compost minerals.187,248”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [187] Yin, 2021, Research progress and prospects for using biochar to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions during composting: a review, Sci. Total Environ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [248] Gao, 2017, Direct conversion of CO2 into liquid fuels with high selectivity over a bifunctional catalyst, Nat. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Previous reviews focused only on biochar generated from biomass wastes, leaving out char made from plastic wastes, which can be effective in environmental remediation.

    “they focused only on biochar generated from biomass wastes, leaving out char made from plastic wastes, which can be effective in environmental remediation.225”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [225] Martin-Lara, 2021, Characterization and use of char produced from pyrolysis of post-consumer mixed plastic waste, Water source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Harnessing biomaterials can reduce the C footprint and environmental impact of petroleum-based polymers and offer a wider range of applications than conventional polymers.

    “harnessing the power of biomaterials can reduce the C footprint and environmental impact of petroleum-based polymers, offering a wider range of applications than conventional polymers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adding biochar to animal feed improves animal growth and health, egg production, and suppresses disease occurrence, thus boosting animal productivity.

    “improves animal growth and health, egg production, and suppresses disease occurrence, thus boosting animal productivity.264”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [264] Man, 2021, Use of biochar as feed supplements for animal farming, Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Das et al. obtained wood polypropylene composites with enhanced physical and mechanical properties after mixing wood and malleated anhydride polypropylene with biochar, suggesting biochar with high surface area may act as a reinforcing filler in biocomposite materials.

    “Das et al.257 obtained wood polypropylene composites with enhanced physical and mechanical properties after mixing wood and malleated anhydride polypropylene with biochar, suggesting that biochar with a high surface area may act as a reinforcing filler in the production of biocomposite materials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [257] Das, 2015, A novel approach in organic waste utilization through biochar addition in wood/polypropylene composites, Waste Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biochar improves cement composite flexural strength by 66%, toughness by 103%, and compressive strength by 40%-50%.

    “improving cement composite flexural strength by 66%, toughness by 103%, and compressive strength by 40%–50%,262”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [262] Ahmad, 2015, High performance self-consolidating cementitious composites by using micro carbonized bamboo particles, Mater. Des. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biochar reduces water permeability and adsorption of mortar, enhancing impermeability of biochar-enriched mortar.

    “reducing the water permeability and adsorption of the mortar, thereby enhancing the impermeability of the biochar-enriched mortar.263”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [263] Gupta, 2019, Use of biochar as carbon sequestering additive in cement mortar (vol. 87, p. 110, 2018), Cement Concrete Comp. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chemical-power poly-generation technology can achieve substantial energy savings in the chemical and power industries and produce coal-based alternative fuels to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions on a large scale at low energy consumption.

    “Chemical-power poly-generation technology can achieve not only substantial energy savings in the chemical and power industries but also produce coal-based alternative fuels to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions on a large scale at the cost of low energy consumption.285, 286, 287”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [285] Gao, 2004, Exergy analysis of coal-based polygeneration system for power and chemical production, Energy source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [286] Li, 2013, Cogeneration of substitute natural gas and power from coal by moderate recycle of the chemical unconverted gas, Energy source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [287] Li, 2017, Realizing low life cycle energy use and GHG emissions in coal based polygeneration with CO2 capture, Appl. Energ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Diverse routes for CO2 conversion, such as thermochemical catalysis, photochemical catalysis, electrochemical catalysis, enzymatic catalysis, and organometallic catalysis, have been developed, and substantial advances have been made in recent years.

    “diverse routes, such as thermochemical catalysis, photochemical catalysis, electrochemical catalysis, and others (enzymatic catalysis and organometallic catalysis) have been developed, and substantial advances have been made in recent years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The advantage of oxygen combustion is that flue gas mainly consists of CO2 and vapor, and energy consumption of CO2 separation is close to zero.

    “The advantage of oxygen combustion is that the flue gas mainly consists of CO2 and vapor, and thus the energy consumption of CO2 separation is close to zero.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    90% CO2 capture before IGCC combustion reduces net power efficiency by 8.0-10.0 percentage points, which is smaller than post-combustion capture.

    “90% CO2 capture before IGCC combustion can reduce the net power efficiency by 8.0–10.0 percentage points,284 which is smaller than that of post-combustion capture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [284] Metz, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Long-term safety and reliability are the main obstacles to CO2 geological storage technology development.

    “At present, long-term safety and reliability are the main obstacles to CO2 geological storage technology development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The IEA and the US DOE have identified the chemical chain as the primary new direction for zero emissions of fossil energy in the future.

    “The IEA and the US DOE have identified the chemical chain as the primary new direction for zero emissions of fossil energy in the future.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Construction of C-O bonds is established via cycloaddition of epoxides with CO2, condensation of 1,2-based polyols with CO2, oxidative cyclization of olefins with CO2, and carboxylative cyclization of propargyl alcohols with CO2 to afford organic carbonates.

    “The construction of C–O bonds is established via the cycloaddition of epoxides with CO2, the condensation of 1,2-based polyols with CO2, oxidative cyclization of olefins with CO2, and carboxylative cyclization of propargyl alcohols with CO2 to afford organic carbonates.294, 295, 296”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [294] Lang, 2016, Green catalytic process for cyclic carbonate synthesis from carbon dioxide under mild conditions, Chem. Rec. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [295] Wu, 2017, Tetrabutylphosphonium-based ionic liquid catalyzed CO2 transformation at ambient conditions: a case of synthesis of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates, ACS Catal. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [296] Kindermann, 2017, Synthesis of carbonates from alcohols and CO2

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The C flow from lithosphere to atmosphere will be transformed into a new model that circulates in the atmosphere, with huge indirect emission mitigation effect and important application prospects in future C-neutral scenarios.

    “The C flow from the lithosphere to the atmosphere will be transformed into a new model that circulates in the atmosphere, which has a huge indirect emission mitigation effect and has important application prospects in future C-neutral scenarios.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In low-pressure CO2 transportation, experience from mature oil and gas pipeline transportation can be learned; research on high-pressure, low-temperature, and supercritical CO2 transportation has just started.

    “In the area of low-pressure CO2 transportation, we can learn from the experience of mature oil and gas pipeline transportation; meanwhile, the research on high-pressure, low-temperature, and supercritical CO2 transportation has just started.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    CO2 transportation includes pipelines, ships, railways, and roads, among which pipeline transportation technology has the most potential for application.

    “which includes pipelines, ships, railways, roads, and so on, among which pipeline transportation technology has the most potential for application.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The CO2 capture technologies currently being demonstrated and commercialized worldwide are mainly post-combustion separation technologies.

    “The CO2 capture technologies currently being demonstrated and commercialized around the world are mainly post-combustion separation technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    90% CO2 separation by chemical absorption reduces energy system efficiency by 11.0-15.0 percentage points and increases unit investment of a power plant by 50%-80%.

    “90% CO2 separation will reduce the efficiency of the energy system by 11.0–15.0 percentage points, and the unit investment of a power plant increases by 50%–80%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Post-combustion separates CO2 from exhaust gas and is one of the simplest ways of CO2 recovery in energy systems.

    “Post-combustion separates CO2 from the exhaust gas and is one of the simplest ways of CO2 recovery in energy systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    At present, CO2 transportation in China is mainly based on low-temperature storage tanks by road transportation.

    “At present, CO2 transportation in China is mainly based on low-temperature storage tanks by road transportation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Due to oxygen production, power consumption of the air separation unit is large, and power output of the system is reduced by around 10%-25%.

    “due to the need for oxygen production, the power consumption of the air separation unit is large, and the power output of the system is still reduced greatly (around 10%–25%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Post-combustion capture can be operated easily and does not require much modification of the power generation system.

    “The advantage of post-combustion capture is that it can be operated easily, and there is no need to modify the power generation system too much.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    CO2 concentration in tail gas of coal-fired power plants is 10%-15%, and that of natural gas power plants is about 3%-5%.

    “the concentration of CO2 in the tail gas of coal-fired power plants is 10%–15%, and that of natural gas power plants is even lower, about 3%–5%”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The fundamental reason for high energy consumption of post-combustion separation is low CO2 concentration in tail gas; it is difficult to significantly reduce energy consumption only by improving absorbers and optimizing process.

    “the fundamental reason for the high energy consumption of post-combustion separation is the low CO2 concentration in the tail gas. It is difficult to significantly reduce the energy consumption of separation only by improving the absorbers and optimizing the process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In the early stage of CCS promotion, post-combustion technology is relatively simplistic, has low technical difficulty, is often used in demonstration projects, and can achieve short-term CO2 emission reduction.

    “In the early stage of CCS technology promotion, post-combustion technology is relatively simplistic and has low technical difficulty. This type of technology is often used in CCS demonstration projects. It could achieve CO2 emission reduction effects in the short term.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Many catalytic reactions are thermodynamically unfavorable and/or need harsh reaction conditions because CO2 is thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert.

    “many catalytic reactions are thermodynamically unfavorable and/or need harsh reaction conditions (i.e., high pressure and high temperature) because CO2 is thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the 1990s, Chinese scholars took the lead in discovering high-concentration CO2 enrichment in chemical-looping combustion.

    “In the 1990s, Chinese scholars took the lead in discovering the new phenomenon of high-concentration CO2 enrichment in chemical-looping combustion.288”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [288] Hongguang, 1998, Development of a novel chemical-looping combustion: synthesis of a looping material with a double metal oxide of CoO−NiO, Energ. Fuel. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Among various approaches for CO2 conversion, thermochemical processes have been intensively investigated, and some have been commercialized.

    “Among various approaches for CO2 conversion, the thermochemical processes have been intensively investigated, and some have been commercialized.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Post-combustion separation technologies have high energy consumption and cost and limited potential for reduction.

    “However, such technologies have high energy consumption and cost and have limited potential for reduction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The United States has built a trunk CO2 pipeline network of more than 5,000 km.

    “the United States has built a trunk pipeline network of more than 5,000 km.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The spatial distributions of aquifer layers and oil fields suitable for CO2 storage lack sufficient technologies to obtain detailed geological data, and assessments of CO2 storage capacities face extreme difficulties.

    “The spatial distributions of aquifer layers and oil fields suitable for CO2 storage lack sufficient technologies to obtain detailed geological data because of the limitations of technologies and interpretations; and then, the assessments of the CO2 storage capacities face extreme difficulties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 has gained increasing interest as it can enhance CO2 efficiency under mild conditions.

    “Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 has gained increasing interest as it can enhance CO2 efficiency under mild conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CO2 chemical utilization can directly realize conversion and utilization of CO2 and has a certain direct emission reduction effect.

    “The CO2 chemical utilization can directly realize the conversion and utilization of CO2 and has a certain direct emission reduction effect.289”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [289] López-Pacheco, 2021, Phycocapture of CO2 as an option to reduce greenhouse gases in cities: carbon sinks in urban spaces, J. CO2 Util.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Flameless chemical-looping combustion realizes no contact between fuel and air through two gas-solid reactions, yielding high-concentration CO2 and H2O, and CO2 can be recovered without separation at zero energy consumption.

    “through two gas-solid reactions, no contact between fuel and air is realized. Thus, the gas product is high concentration of CO2 and H2O, and the CO2 can be recovered without the separation process. CO2 can be separated with zero energy consumption.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Since pioneering works by Hori et al., massive efforts have been devoted to boost catalytic performance of electrochemical CO2RR, especially within the past decade.

    “Since the pioneering works by Hori et al.,313,314 massive efforts have been devoted to boost the catalytic performance of electrochemical CO2RR, especially within the past decade.315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 9 sources checked
    • cites [313] Hori, 1994, Electrocatalytic process of CO selectivity in electrochemical reduction of CO2 at metal electrodes in aqueous media, Electrochim. Acta source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [314] Hori, 1985, Production of CO and CH4 in electrochemical reduction of CO2 at metal electrodes in aqueous hydrogencarbonate solution, Chem. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [315] Huang, 2021, CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products in strong acid, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [316] Nitopi, 2019, Progress and perspectives of electrochemical CO2 reduction on copper in aqueous electrolyte, Chem. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [317] Ross, 2019, Designing materials for electrochemical carbon dioxide recycling, Nat. Catal. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [318] Wang, 2021, Electrocatalysis for CO2 conversion: from fundamentals to value-added products, Chem. Soc. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [319] Wu, 2019, Domino electroreduction of CO2 to methanol on a molecular catalyst, Nature source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [320] Zhi, 2021, Role of oxygen-bound reaction intermediates in selective electrochemical CO2 reduction, Energ. Environ. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [321] Yang, 2020, Electroreduction of CO2 in ionic liquid-based electrolytes, Innovation

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Theoretical simulations using DFT have become a powerful tool for providing mechanistic insights into microscopic processes at electrode/electrolyte interface and obtaining critical thermodynamic and kinetic data.

    “Theoretical simulations using density functional theory (DFT) have become a powerful tool for providing mechanistic insights into microscopic processes at electrode/electrolyte interface and obtaining critical thermodynamic and kinetic data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction faces challenges of slow electron-transfer kinetics, large overpotential, and unsatisfactory selectivity, restricting its practical application and technological commercialization.

    “this field still faces challenges of (1) slow electron-transfer kinetics, (2) large overpotential, and (3) unsatisfactory selectivity, restricting its practical application and technological commercialization.335,336”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [335] Sun, 2017, Fundamentals and challenges of electrochemical CO2 reduction using two-dimensional materials, Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [336] Freitas, 2021, Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction on nanostructured metal-based materials: Challenges and constraints for a sustainable pathway to decarbonization, J. CO2 Util.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    For thermal catalysis, the number of valuable and spontaneous reactions of CO2 with other chemicals is very limited.

    “For thermal catalysis, the number of valuable and spontaneous reactions of CO2 with other chemicals is very limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction enables conversion of intermittent renewable electricity from sunlight and wind into storable fuels and useful chemical products and is an important approach for CO2 conversion and utilization to meet C neutrality.

    “The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), enabling the conversion of intermittent renewable electricity from sunlight and wind into storable fuels and useful chemical products, is an important approach for CO2 conversion and utilization to meet the requirement of C neutrality.13,311,312”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [13] Chen, 2021, Carbon neutrality: toward a sustainable future, Innovation

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [311] Birdja, 2019, Advances and challenges in understanding the electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels, Nat. Energy source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [312] Kibria, 2019, Electrochemical CO2 reduction into chemical feedstocks: from mechanistic electrocatalysis models to system design, Adv. Mater. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Efforts to improve photocatalytic efficiency have been made via morphological control, structure architecture, heterojunction construction, surface defect engineering, and doping with heteroatoms.

    “many efforts have been made via morphological control, structure architecture, heterojunction construction, surface defect engineering, and doping with heteroatoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    CCUS can be combined with clean fuel productions, such as hydrogen production from fossil fuels, and will play a role in the future.

    “CCUS can be combined with clean fuel productions, such as hydrogen production from fossil fuels, and will a play role in the future.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Current density and overpotential reflect polarization relation of electrochemical rate, while faradic efficiency stands for distribution relation of parallel reaction rate.

    “The current density and overpotential reflect the polarization relation of electrochemical rate, while the faradic efficiency stands for the distribution relation of parallel reaction rate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    One of the main obstacles in developing rational strategies for catalysis is that the complexity of catalysts hinders efforts of the active sites.

    “One of the main obstacles in developing rational strategies for catalysis is that the complexity of catalysts hinders the efforts of the active sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Opportunities with low-cost CO2 capture exist in the chemical industry and may contribute to around 0.4-1.0 billion tons of CO2 emission yearly in China.

    “Opportunities with low-cost CO2 capture exist in the chemical industry and may contribute to around 0.4–1.0 billion tons of CO2 emission yearly in China.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There has been increasing mechanistic understanding and many encouraging signs of experimental progress on the complicated multi-electron and multi-proton transfer reaction system of electrochemical CO2RR.

    “There has been increasing mechanistic understanding as well as many encouraging signs of experimental progress on this complicated multi-electron and multi-proton transfer reaction system.192,315,322, 323, 324, 325, 326”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [192] Zhong, 2020, Effects of water level alteration on carbon cycling in peatlands, Ecosyst. Health Sust. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [315] Huang, 2021, CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products in strong acid, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [322] De Arquer, 2020, CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products at activities greater than 1 A cm−2, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [323] Haas, 2018, Technical photosynthesis involving CO2 electrolysis and fermentation, Nat. Catal. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [324] Peterson, 2010, How copper catalyzes the electroreduction of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuels, Energ. Environ. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [325] Xia, 2019, Continuous production of pure liquid fuel solutions via electrocatalytic CO2 reduction using solid-electrolyte devices, Nat. Energy source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [326] Ma, 2020, Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to ethylene and ethanol through hydrogen-assisted C-C coupling over fluorine-modified copper, Nat. Catal. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    High cost and high energy consumption are still the main challenges for CCUS in the power, steel, and cement industries.

    “High cost and high energy consumption are still the main challenges for CCUS in the power, steel, and cement industries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Development in enzymatic and organometallic CO2 conversion fields is still in its infancy, and considerable effort is needed to understand structural features controlling catalytic activity and achieve practical catalysts.

    “However, development in these fields is still in its infancy; considerable effort needs to be dedicated to understanding structural features controlling the catalytic activity and achieving practical catalysts suitable for the conversion of CO2 to useful chemicals.334”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [334] Appel, 2013, Frontiers, opportunities, and challenges in biochemical and chemical catalysis of CO2 fixation, Chem. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    NO2 is often used as a barometer of economic stagnation or recovery in various countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    “It is often used as a barometer of economic stagnation or recovery in various countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.343”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [343] Goldberg, 2020, Disentangling the impact of the COVID-19 lockdowns on urban NO2 from natural variability, Geophys. Res. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Improving energy efficiency (including residential heating/cooling) has a major impact on reducing GHG emissions in daily lives.

    “Improving energy efficiency (including residential heating/cooling) has a major impact on reducing GHG”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Digital replicas of global carbon estimation and their driving mechanisms are helpful to provide essential information for climate and carbon neutrality policymaking.

    “Moreover, these digital replicas of the global C estimation and their driving mechanisms are helpful to provide essential information for climate and C neutrality policymaking.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The scalability and cost-effectiveness of energy storage are subject to many constraints and limitations.

    “However, the scalability and cost-effectiveness of energy storage are subject to many constraints and limitations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The intermittency of wind, solar and other renewable energy sources is one of the major challenges limiting the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy.

    “The intermittency of wind, solar and other renewable energy sources is one of the major challenges limiting the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Strengthening policies that promote afforestation and reforestation and use of carbon-negative materials to conserve terrestrial ecosystems and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems could contribute to increasing carbon sequestration, thereby mitigating climate change.

    “strengthening policies that promote afforestation and reforestation and use of C-negative materials to conserve terrestrial ecosystems and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems could contribute to increasing C sequestration, thereby mitigating climate change.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Terrestrial and marine ecosystems are the largest carbon reservoirs on Earth.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    There are only two examples of large-scale CCUS technology in the power sector currently, and they both adopt post-combustion technologies.

    “There are only two examples of large-scale CCUS technology in power sector currently, and they both adopt post-combustion technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Carrying out accurate carbon budget calculation based on land-sea-air joint observation is an important basis for carbon peak and carbon neutralization decision-making.

    “Carrying out accurate carbon budget calculation based on land-sea-air joint observation is an important basis for carbon peak and carbon neutralization decision-making.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Monitoring GHG emissions from space is of utmost relevance to ensure the world is on track to meet its climate change mitigation goals.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The current level of research has not overcome the major challenges to efficiently use renewable resources in production systems and prevent dependence on fossil fuels.

    “research has not overcome the major challenges to efficiently use renewable resources in production systems and prevent us from depending on fossil fuels.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The above innovative technologies are at the early stage of R&D and may play an important role after ten years, with more than one billion tons of CO2 emission reduction per year in China.

    “However, the above innovative technologies are at the early stage of R&D and may play an important role after ten years (more than one billion tons of CO2 emission reduction per year in China).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Energy storage is the apparent answer to the intermittency of some renewable energy sources.

    “Energy storage is the apparent answer to the intermittency of some of the renewable energy sources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NO2 is produced by fossil energy combustion, has a photochemical lifetime of only a few hours, and can effectively track emission source.

    “NO2, as the gas produced by fossil energy combustion, the photochemical lifetime of which is only a few hours, can effectively track the emission source.341,342”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [341] Liu, 2020, Abrupt decline in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China after the outbreak of COVID-19, Sci. Adv. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [342] Reuter, 2019, Towards monitoring localized CO2 emissions from space: co-located regional CO2 and NO2 enhancements observed by the OCO-2 and S5P satellites, Atmos. Chem. Phys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels can reduce several million tons of CO2 emissions per year in China.

    “Furthermore, the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels can also reduce several million tons of CO2 emissions per year in China.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Finding the spatial distribution and differences among countries or regions will bring great convenience to quantify the responsibility for carbon neutrality taken by governments and the carbon trading among countries or regions.

    “It is apparent that to find the spatial distribution and differences among countries or regions which will bring great convenience to quantify the responsibility for C neutrality taken by governments and the C trading among countries or regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Sentinel-5P satellite launched by Europe has achieved good results in CH4, NO2, CO, O3, and other gas inversions.

    “the Sentinel-5P satellite launched by Europe has achieved good results in CH4, NO2, CO, O3, and other gas inversions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The adoption of current CCUS technologies is hampered by their high energy consumption and costs.

    “the adoption of current CCUS technologies is hampered by their high energy consumption and costs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The CCUS approach has a pivotal role to play in our pursuit of carbon neutrality.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Polygeneration, chemical looping combustion, and technologies that combine fossil fuels and renewable energy sources for capturing CO2 could open a new era for CCUS.

    “Polygeneration, chemical looping combustion, and technologies that combine fossil fuels and renewable energy sources for capturing CO2 could open a new era for CCUS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Harnessing the power of renewable resources in energy, food, and industrial production systems and promoting carbon sequestration in terrestrial and marine ecosystems are possible routes towards carbon neutrality and achieving sustainable development goals.

    “As presented in this review, harnessing the power of renewable resources in energy, food, and industrial production systems and promoting C sequestration in terrestrial and marine ecosystems are seen as possible routes towards C neutrality and achieving sustainable development goals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The potential of global renewable energy resources surpasses global energy demand.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Global carbon estimation or prediction and their driving mechanisms are conducted and shown on Digital Earth at the pixel level.

    “Global C estimation or prediction and even their driving mechanisms are conducted and shown on Digital Earth at the pixel level.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Satellite observation and Digital Earth support C neutralization by rapid monitoring of global GHG concentration, ground land cover change, and spatial analysis of global natural C sink, and play an important supporting role in assessing when to achieve peak C emissions and potential of natural C sink.

    “the support for C neutralization includes the rapid monitoring of global GHG concentration, ground land cover change, and the spatial analysis of global natural C sink, which plays an important supporting role in the assessment of when to achieve the peak of C emissions and the potential of a natural C sink.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carbon sink estimation is complex, and results from many models differ considerably.

    “Its estimation is complex, and results from many models differ considerably.346”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [346] Chen, 2019, Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink, Nat. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    There is a clear link between energy conservation and climate change mitigation.

    “As there is a clear link between energy conservation and climate change mitigation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Developing new methods for further optimization of waste recycling and nature-based processes in agroecosystems, along with technological development of food factories, has the potential to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and sustainably support human activities.

    “developing new methods for further optimization of waste recycling and nature-based processes in agroecosystems, along with the technological development of food factories, has the potential to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and sustainably support human activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Unsustainable management practices in food systems account for a significant portion of GHG emissions.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Low-cost chemical-looping combustion, renewable energy poly-generation, and hybrid renewable fossil fuel energy systems are promising technologies that can help build a C-neutral world.

    “Low-cost chemical-looping combustion, renewable energy poly-generation, and hybrid renewable fossil fuel energy systems are promising technologies that can help build a C-neutral world.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Biochar has multifunctional values in addition to carbon sequestration.

    “Given that biochar has multifunctional values in addition to carbon sequestration, as discussed in this review”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Three CO2 satellites-GOSAT launched by Japan in 2009, OCO-2 launched by the United States in 2014, and TANSAT launched by China in 2016-significantly improved ability of C flux observation.

    “Three CO2 satellites were launched successively, including GOSAT launched by Japan in 2009,338 OCO-2 launched by the United States in 2014,339 and TANSAT launched by China in 2016,340 which significantly improved the ability of C flux observation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [338] Butz, 2011, Toward accurate CO2 and CH4 observations from GOSAT, Geophys. Res. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [339] Hakkarainen, 2016, Direct space-based observations of anthropogenic CO2 emission areas from OCO-2, Geophys. Res. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [340] Yang, 2018, First global carbon dioxide maps produced from tansat measurements, Adv. Atmos. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

169 of 169

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No prior review has compared the strengths and challenges of all available new technologies toward carbon neutrality or highlighted uncertainties associated with those new technologies in climate change mitigation.

    “However, to the best of our knowledge, no review has compared the strengths and challenges of all available new technologies toward C neutrality or highlighted uncertainties associated with those new technologies in climate change mitigation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Zinc-based flow batteries have low cost and high energy density.

    “zinc-based flow batteries have attracted great attention in distributed energy storage due to their advantages of low cost and high energy density.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some zinc-based flow batteries are currently at the demonstration stage.

    “Some zinc-based flow batteries are currently at the demonstration stage.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Zinc-based flow batteries face issues of zinc dendrite/accumulation, limited areal capacity, and reliability that must be overcome for commercialization.

    “However, the issues of zinc dendrite/accumulation, limited areal capacity, and reliability need to be overcome to realize their commercialization and industrialization.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Breeding crop varieties with high NUE can reduce N fertilizer application rate and nitrogen oxide emissions.

    “Breeding crop varieties with a high N use efficiency (NUE) can reduce the N fertilizer application rate and reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Manipulation of enteric fermentation is a key strategy to mitigate CH4 emissions in ruminant livestock production systems.

    “Manipulation of enteric fermentation is one of the key strategies to mitigate CH4 emissions in ruminant livestock production systems.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Methane is a natural by-product disposal of hydrogen during enteric fermentation and is released by methanogenic archaea.

    “Methane is natural by-product disposal of hydrogen during enteric fermentation and released by methanogenic archaea.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plant-based meat and cell-based meat can be produced artificially from non-animal sources.

    “Plant-based meat and cell-based meat can be produced artificially from non-animal sources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Obstacles to commercializing cell-based meat include scaling up, regulatory approval, and high production cost.

    “However, obstacles to commercializing cell-based meat still exist, such as how to scale up, regulatory approval, and the high production cost.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Soils of grasslands store about 343 Gt C, about 50% more than forest soils, and act as a sink for about 1.83 Gt CO2-eq year−1.

    “Soils of these grasslands store about 343 Gt C, which is about 50% more than the amount stored in forest soils and acts as a sink for about 1.83 Gt CO2-eq year−1.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mariculture has a huge potential for development of negative C emissions in the ocean.

    “mariculture has a huge potential for the development of negative C emissions in the ocean.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Marine ecosystems, including coastal wetlands and open waters, are considered the largest C sink on Earth.

    “marine ecosystems, including coastal wetlands and open waters, are considered the largest C sink on Earth.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Coastal ecosystems producing blue C are some of the most efficient natural ecosystems to bury C into sediments.

    “Coastal ecosystems producing blue C are also some of the most efficient natural ecosystems to bury C into sediments.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Billions of tons of solid waste are generated globally every year.

    “Driven by the extensive expansion of food, urban, and industrial systems, billions of tons of solid waste are generated globally every year.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    High-income countries produce 34% of the world's waste despite having only 16% of the world's population.

    “Despite having only 16% of the world's population, high-income countries produce 34% of the world's waste.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Addressing problems associated with waste landfills and open waste burning is far more expensive than creating and running safe waste management systems.

    “Addressing these problems associated with waste landfills and open waste burning is far more expensive than creating and running safe waste management systems.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Renewable power is not stable and cannot meet the requirement of energy safety.

    “this hope seems to be impracticable as renewable power is not stable and cannot meet the requirement of energy safety.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Although large-scale energy storage can enforce the stability of renewable powers, its total cost and environmental impacts need to be reconsidered.

    “Although large-scale energy storage can enforce the stability of renewable powers, its total cost and environmental impacts need to be reconsidered.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The transition to renewable energies may mean a complete reconstruction or retrofit of current fossil fuel-based energy production, transmission, and supply systems, and this cost is huge.

    “the transition to renewable energies may mean that there needs to be a complete reconstruction or retrofit of current fossil fuel-based energy production, transmission, and supply systems, and this cost is huge.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Innovative CCUS technologies can be cost-competitive to renewable powers.

    “Also, innovative CCUS technologies can be cost-competitive to renewable powers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Principle of Common and Separate Responsibilities was clearly stated in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and adopted in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997.

    “The Principle of Common and Separate Responsibilities was clearly stated in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992. It was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The potential of global renewable energy resources surpasses global energy demand.

    “Given that the potential of global renewable energy resources surpasses global energy demand”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Terrestrial and marine ecosystems are the largest carbon reservoirs on Earth.

    “Since terrestrial and marine ecosystems are the largest C reservoirs on Earth”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The CCUS approach has a pivotal role to play in our pursuit of carbon neutrality.

    “Even though the CCUS approach has a pivotal role to play in our pursuit of carbon neutrality”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Monitoring GHG emissions from space is of utmost relevance to ensure the world is on track to meet its climate change mitigation goals.

    “Given the utmost relevance of monitoring GHG emissions from space to ensure the world is on track to meet its climate change mitigation goals”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Unsustainable management practices in food systems account for a significant portion of GHG emissions.

    “unsustainable management practices in food systems, spanning from the production and application of chemical fertilizers to waste landfilling and burning, continue to account for a significant portion of GHG emissions”
26 of 26

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Achieving net-zero carbon emissions is challenging.

    “Different regions, countries, and cities have developed strategies to improve carbon removal or sequestration and achieve carbon neutrality (Hepburn et al. 2021; Pedersen et al. 2020; Huang and Zhai 2021), yet achieving net-zero carbon emissions is challenging (Wang et al. 2021).”

    From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. 2021

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Wang, 2019, Current status and prospects of research on comprehensive utilization of nuclear energy, Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci., 34, 460
  2. Ali, 2020, Effect of water saving irrigation management practices on rice productivity and methane emission during rice cultivation, J. Geosci. Environ. Prot., 8, 182
  3. Fang, 2018, Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 115, 4015, 10.1073/pnas.1700304115 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Chen, 2018, Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 115, 4027, 10.1073/pnas.1700298114 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Shi, 2021, Coral reefs: potential blue carbon sinks for climate change mitigation, Bull. Chin. Acade. Sci., 36, 270
  6. Zhang, 2021, Strategic approach for mariculture to practice ocean negative carbon emission, Bull. Chin. Acade. Sci., 36, 252
  7. Gao, 2017, Direct conversion of CO2 into liquid fuels with high selectivity over a bifunctional catalyst, Nat. Chem., 9, 1019, 10.1038/nchem.2794 · DOI · Paper page
  8. He, 2016, Water-enhanced synthesis of higher alcohols from CO2 hydrogenation over a Pt/Co3O4 catalyst under milder conditions, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 737, 10.1002/anie.201507585 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Lu, 2017, Efficient photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid: a functionalized ionic liquid as an absorbent and elecrolyte, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 56, 11851, 10.1002/anie.201703977 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Wang, F., Harindintwali, J. D., Yuan, Z., Wang, M., Wang, F., Li, S., Yin, Z., Huang, L., Fu, Y., Li, L., Chang, S. X., Zhang, L., Rinklebe, J., Yuan, Z., Zhu, Q., Xiang, L., Tsang, D. C. W., Xu, L., Jiang, X., Liu, J., Wei, N., Kästner, M., Zou, Y., Ok, Y. S., Shen, J., Peng, D., Zhang, W., Barceló, D., Zhou, Y., Bai, Z., Li, B., Zhang, B., Wei, K., Cao, H., Tan, Z., Zhao, L.-B., He, X., Zheng, J., Bolan, N., Liu, X., Huang, C., Dietmann, S., Luo, M., Sun, N., Gong, J., Gong, Y., Brahushi, F., Zhang, T., Xiao, C., Li, X., Chen, W., Jiao, N., Lehmann, J., Zhu, Y.-G., Jin, H., Schäffer, A., Tiedje, J. M., & Chen, J. M.
Affiliations
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
  • Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (CN)
  • University of Alberta (CA)
  • University of Wuppertal (DE)
  • Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
  • Dalhousie University (CA)
  • Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
  • Korea University (KR)
  • Catalan Institute for Water Research (ES)
  • Southwest University (CN)
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Beijing Normal University (CN)
  • Agricultural University of Tirana (AL)
  • Shenyang Agricultural University (CN)
  • Cornell University (US)
  • RWTH Aachen University (DE)
  • Michigan State University (US)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author
  • Wang, Fang
  • Li, Xianfeng
  • Jiao, Nianzhi
  • Zhu, Yong-Guan
  • Jin, Hongguang
  • Tiedje, James M.
  • Chen, Jing M.
ORCID
Venue
The Innovation
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-11
Volume
2
Issue
4
Pages
100180
ISSN
2666-6758 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100180
PMC
PMC8633420
OpenAlex
W3208259726
Cited by
1,330
References
331
Citations by year
2026: 125 · 2025: 314 · 2024: 401 · 2023: 312 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 3
FWCI
18.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Innovation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
Funders
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-DQC035)
  • Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (WG-46)
  • Michigan State University
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (160523647, 214367779, 272843, 40956283, 5245626, 5422173, 5471428)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (21677149, 21773267, 21776294, 21872160, 31922080, 32171581, 41977137, 41991333, 51776197, 52173241)
  • Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province (2019J06023)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (BK20150050)
  • Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2011225, 2016275, 2017241, 2019170, 2019182, 2019189, 2021347, Y202042, Y202078)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFC1807000)
  • Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (2021005)
  • Yulin University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Renewable energy and sustainable power systems
Keywords
carbon neutrality, climate change mitigation, renewable energy generation, food system transformation, waste valorization, sustainable development, CO2 capture

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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