Fuel and Chemical Properties of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil Derived from a Continuous Twin-Auger Reactor
Abstract
Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (HC), and it is one of the useful fractions obtained from the pyrolysis of waste tires (WT). As a result of its high energy density (HHV ∼ 43 MJ/kg), TPO use as a fuel in combustion systems is a promising approach for recycling WT. However, fundamental fuel characteristics and combustion properties of TPO are still unexplored, which stand as a bottleneck for potential applications. This work pursues a comprehensive understanding of the structural characteristics of a TPO produced in a lab-scale twin-auger reactor as a first step toward defining applications and upgrading strategies. Therefore, advanced analytical techniques such as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were utilized. In addition, we also present the characterization of a TPO obtained from adding CaO to WT, as a low-cost catalytic material for its in situ upgrading, herein named TPO[CaO]. FT-ICR MS results revealed the significant presence of pure HC (HC (TPO) = 74.9% and HC (TPO[CaO]) = 78.6%) and HC containing one sulfur atom (S 1 ) (S 1(TPO) = 14.3% and S 1(TPO[CaO]) = 13.9%). HC compounds were found mainly in the form of triaromatics (26%), tetra-aromatics (13 and 15%), and penta-aromatics (22 and 30%), while S 1 compounds were found mainly in the form of dibenzothiophene (31%) and benzonaphthothiophene (34%). The resolved compounds by means of FT-ICR MS exhibited an average double bond equivalent (DBE) number of 11.3 and 12.2 for TPO and TPO[CaO], respectively. These high DBE values were indicators of the significant presence of condensed aromatic structures. 1 H NMR analysis showed that hydrogen atoms in methylene (CH 2 ), methyl (CH 3 ), and naphthenic groups and hydrogen atoms in aromatic structures make up more than 80% of both fuels. Similarly, carbon atoms in paraffinic groups (both CH 2 and CH 3 ) and protonated carbons in aromatic rings together form more than 50% of the carbon atoms in TPO and TPO[CaO]. The information reported in this work provides new insights into the structural characteristics of the TPO obtained in a promising technology as the twin-auger reactor for its use as a fuel, as well as for the design of upgrading strategies.
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Tire pyrolysis oil has a high heating value of approximately 40-44 MJ/kg, comparable to some fossil fuels.
“It possesses a high heating value (approximately 40-44 MJ/kg) [355,356], comparable to some fossil fuels.”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [355]
Tire pyrolysis oil consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (C5-C50), including significant aromatic compounds like benzene, toluene, xylene, and limonene.
“TPO consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (spanning C5-C50), including significant aromatic compounds like benzene, toluene, xylene, and limonene.”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [355]
Tire pyrolysis oil approximate average elemental composition is 83-87 wt.% carbon, 7-10 wt.% hydrogen, 0.5-2.0 wt.% sulfur, and 0.2-0.8 wt.% nitrogen, with low oxygen content.
“Its approximate average elemental composition is 83-87 wt.% carbon, 7-10 wt.% hydrogen, 0.5-2.0wt.% sulfur, and 0.2-0.8wt.% nitrogen, with a low oxygen content [355,357].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [355]
Tire pyrolysis oil is typically a dark-brown, viscous liquid with a pungent odor, and its physical properties can necessitate preheating for handling and atomization.
“Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO), sometimes referred to as bunker oil, is typically a dark-brown, viscous liquid with a pungent odor; its physical properties can necessitate preheating for handling and atomization [355].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [355]
Waste-derived fuel systems require localized or centralized waste collection and sorting infrastructure, as well as dedicated conversion plants (pyrolysis, gasification, HTL).
“Waste-derived fuel systems require localized or centralized waste collection and sorting infrastructure, as well as dedicated conversion plants (pyrolysis, gasification, HTL) [355,367].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [355]
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- Authors
- Campuzano, F., Abdul Jameel, A. G., Zhang, W., Emwas, A.-H., Agudelo, A. F., Martínez, J. D., & Sarathy, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (CO)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Campuzano, Felipe
- Sarathy, S. Mani
- ORCID
- Venue
- Energy & Fuels
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-08-26
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 12688-12702
- ISSN
- 0887-0624 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5029
- OpenAlex
- W3081354249
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy & Fuels (publishedVersion)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n (1210-715-51742, 757-2016)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Petroleum Processing and Analysis
- Keywords
- tire pyrolysis oil, waste tire recycling, bio-oil upgrading, in-situ upgrading, hydrocarbon composition, sulfur compounds, dibenzothiophene, aromatic hydrocarbons, degree of unsaturation, fuel properties, combustion characteristics, FT-ICR mass spectrometry
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