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An Overview of Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Market Conditions, Raw Materials, Reactors, Scale-Up, Process Intensification, Mechanisms, and Outlook
Abstract
The Fischer–Tropsch technology has allowed, since its emergence a century ago, the production of stable liquid fuels from different raw materials in different geographic scenarios that do not necessarily have oil reserves. Some of these raw materials can generate high-quality fuels with a lower content of sulfur, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds. The scaling and intensification of the reactors are essential factors in this context, and important challenges such as energy transfer due to the highly exothermic reaction, hydrodynamics due to limited information on pilot-scale in a reasonable range of conditions, or reducing CH 4 selectivity while maintaining high conversion through catalyst design, must be considered. This perspective provides an overview of recent developments in industrial-scale low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch reactors, with a focus on the significance of microchannel reactors in the scale-up process. The advancement in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is discussed, with an emphasis on the carbide and CO insertion mechanisms, as well as the socio-political-economic factors that continue to impact the development of this technology.
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“For instance, the F-T synthesis converts syngas (a mixture of H 2 and CO, often derived from CO 2 via the reverse water-gas shift reaction) into liquid hydrocarbons using metal catalysts, typically iron (Fe) or cobalt (Co), at elevated temperatures (e.g., 200-350 • C) and pressures (e.g., 10-30 atm) [282][283][284].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [284]
In the citing paper
“Fe-and Co-based catalysts are favored for these procedures given their established activity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness [282,284].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [284]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Apolinar-Hernández, J. E., Bertoli, S. L., Riella, H. G., Soares, C., & Padoin, N.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Soares, Cíntia
- Padoin, Natan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Energy & Fuels
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-12-18
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 0887-0624 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5029
- OpenAlex
- W4389869983
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 300
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 10
- FWCI
- 2.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy & Fuels (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (312247/2022-2, 102072/2022-1, 313202/2021-4)
- Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Mining and Gasification Technologies
- Keywords
- liquid fuels, microreactors, reactor scale-up, process intensification, methane selectivity, catalyst design, hydrodynamics, raw materials, market conditions
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