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Dual Disinfectants Synergistically Drive Adaptation and Evolution toward Higher Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenicity in Escherichia coli

Li, Xi, Yu, Zhigang, Ye, Jiaqing, Wang, Xiaolong, Lin, Huai, Lei, Liusheng, Hu, Wenjin, Luo, Yi·2025·Environmental Science & Technology
DOI 10.1021/acs.est.4c13071
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Abstract

Numerous disinfectants have been discharged into the environment through anthropogenic activities, leading to ubiquitous coexistence of multiple disinfectants in the real environment. Previous studies reported that individual disinfectants induce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR); however, the impacts of the coexposure to multiple disinfectants on the development of AMR and its toxicity associated with bacterial pathogenicity are still unclear. Here, we conducted a 30-day stepwise exposure experiment to investigate the impacts of the commonly used disinfectants polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and their combination on AMR and pathogenicity of Wild-Type Escherichia coli . Results reveal that the coexistence of dual disinfectants dramatically led to higher levels of AMR (2.0- to 14.8-fold) and pathogenicity (8.7-fold) in the evolved strains. Dual disinfectant-induced bacterial evolution is primarily driven by the alteration in the expression of key functional genes, such as those involved in biofilm formation and cell motility. In contrast, genetic mutations may not account for the increased AMR and pathogenicity in combination of dual disinfectant treatment, as similar gene mutations are responsible for both dual and single disinfectant stress. The evolved strains induced by disinfectant combination, characterized with transcriptional regulation, exhibited a synergistic or additive response on AMR and pathogenicity, which was furth…

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Metadata

Authors
Li, X., Yu, Z., Ye, J., Wang, X., Lin, H., Lei, L., Hu, W., & Luo, Y.
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, School of the Environment
  • Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
ORCID
Venue
Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2025-06-16
Volume
59
Issue
25
Pages
12472-12484
ISSN
  • 0013-936X
  • 1520-5851
DOI
10.1021/acs.est.4c13071
Cited by
9
References
3
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program (BE2023672)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2024300452)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (42422710, 52388101)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Dual Disinfectants Synergistically Drive Adaptation and Evolution toward Higher Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenicity in Escherichia coli. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/acs.est.4c13071
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Li, X., Yu, Z., Ye, J., Wang, X., Lin, H., Lei, L., Hu, W., & Luo, Y. (2025). Dual Disinfectants Synergistically Drive Adaptation and Evolution toward Higher Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenicity in Escherichia coli. Environmental Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c13071