Micro- and Nanoplastics in Alpine Snow: A New Method for Chemical Identification and (Semi)Quantification in the Nanogram Range
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We present a new method for chemical characterization of micro- and nanoplastics based on thermal desorption–proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry. The detection limit for polystyrene (PS) obtained is <1 ng of the compound present in a sample, which results in 100 times better sensitivity than those of previously reported by other methods. This allows us to use small volumes of samples (1 mL) and to carry out experiments without a preconcentration step. Unique features in the high-resolution mass spectrum of different plastic polymers make this approach suitable for fingerprinting, even when the samples contain mixtures of other organic compounds. Accordingly, we got a positive fingerprint of PS when just 10 ng of the polymer was present within the dissolved organic matter of snow. Multiple types of microplastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene carbonate), were identified in a snowpit from the Austrian Alps; however, only PET was detected in the nanometer range for both snowpit and surface snow samples. This is in accordance with other publications showing that the dominant form of airborne microplastics is PET fibers. The presence of nanoplastics in high-altitude snow indicates airborne transport of plastic pollution with environmental and health consequences yet to be understood.
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Thermal desorption proton transfer mass spectrometry can be used for higher-throughput measurements.
“Only a recent development-using thermal desorption proton transfer mass spectrometry can be used for higher-throughput measurements.98”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [98]
Nanoplastics were first discovered in 2017 in the marine environment because methods for detection and quantification were only developed recently.
“However, nanoplastics were for the rst time discovered in 2017 in the marine environment, 66 because methods for the detection and quantication of environmental nanoplastics were only developed recently.67,98,99,138”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Materić, D., Kasper-Giebl, A., Kau, D., Anten, M., Greilinger, M., Ludewig, E., van Sebille, E., Röckmann, T., & Holzinger, R.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University , , Princetonplein 5 , ,
- Vienna University of Technology , , ,
- TU Wien (AT)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics (AT)
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-01-17
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2353-2359
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- PMC
- PMC7031848
- OpenAlex
- W2999291353
- Cited by
- 363
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 17
- FWCI
- 11.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- H2020 European Research Council (715386)
- Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- microplastics, nanoplastics, alpine snow, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, poly(propylene carbonate), dissolved organic matter, snow pits, Austrian Alps
- MeSH terms
- Austria, Environmental Monitoring, Plastics, Snow, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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