Paying the Price of desolvation in solvent-exposed protein pockets: impact of distal solubilizing groups on affinity and binding thermodynamics in a series of thermolysin inhibitors.
Abstract
In lead optimization, open, solvent-exposed protein pockets are often disregarded as prospective binding sites. Because of bulk-solvent proximity, researchers are instead enticed to attach charged polar groups at inhibitor scaffolds to improve solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. It is rarely considered that solvent effects from water reorganization in the first hydration shell of protein–ligand complexes can have a significant impact on binding. We investigate the thermodynamic fingerprint of thermolysin inhibitors featuring terminal charged ammonium groups that are gradually pulled from a distal, solvent-exposed position into the flat, bowl-shaped S 2 ′ pocket. Even for the most remote attachment, costs for partial desolvation of the polar group next to the protein–solvent interface are difficult to compensate by interactions with the protein or surrounding water molecules. Through direct comparison with hydrophobic analogues, a significant 180-fold affinity loss was recorded, which questions popular strategies to attach polar ligand-solubilizing groups at the exposed terminus of substituents accommodated in flat open pockets.
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The unfavorable desolvation effect from burying polar groups after ligand binding plays an important role in the binding event, but it is commonly neglected by most scoring functions.
“The unfavorable desolvation effect from burying polar groups after ligand binding also plays an important role in the binding event, but it is commonly neglected by most scoring functions (Kar et al., 2013; Li et al., 2014c; Cramer et al., 2017).”
From Empirical scoring functions for structure-based virtual screening: applications, critical aspects, and challenges (2018) · cites this paper as Cramer et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Cramer, J., Krimmer, S. G., Heine, A., & Klebe, G.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Klebe, Gerhard
- Venue
- Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-06-22
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 5791-5799
- ISSN
- 0022-2623 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4804
- OpenAlex
- W2624137165
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
- HZB Repository (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (268145)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › thermodynamics and calorimetric analyses
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Keywords
- desolvation, binding affinity, binding thermodynamics, lead optimization, first hydration shell, S2 pocket
- MeSH terms
- Bacillus, Enzyme Inhibitors, Solubility, Thermodynamics, Thermolysin, Crystallography, X-Ray
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