Fully Integrated Mechanoluminescent Devices with Nanometer-Thick Perovskite Film as Self-Powered Flexible Sensor for Dynamic Pressure Sensing
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have numerous future applications in artificial electronic skins, foot ulcer detection, structural health monitoring, soft robotics, and wearable technology. We, herein, report an efficient, low-cost manufacturing technique to construct a compact, sensitive, robust yet flexible pressure sensor by fully integrating the mechanoluminescent device with nanometer thick organometal halide perovskite. The mechanoluminescent-perovskite flexible sensor does not require any power source at the sensing location. The sensor was subjected to repeated pressure and generated a distinct electrical current signal corresponding to each pressure cycle. The current intensity increases linearly with the increase of applied pressure on the sensor, which is desirable. Our sensor can detect pressure as low as 11 kPa with a large sensing range and a sensitivity of 0.095 kPa –1 . The sensor displays consistent signals over 1000 cycles, which demonstrates its potential as a reliable sensor in practical applications such as structural health monitoring. Our approach of efficiently harvesting mechanoluminescent light via integrated light-absorbing nanometer thick perovskite might open a window for advanced research in self-powered mechanoluminescent-perovskite-based devices.
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Shohag et al. reported a mechanoluminescent perovskite sensor with 0.095 kPa-1 sensitivity, stable performance over 1000 cycles, and a wide sensing range up to 460 kPa; its flexible, nanometer-thick layers enable bending and deformation without loss of functionality.
“Shohag et al. [42] reported a mechanoluminescent perovskite sensor with 0.095 kPa -1 sensitivity, stable performance over 1000 cycles, and a wide sensing range of up to 460 kPa.Its flexible, nanometer-thick layers enable bending and deformation without loss of functionality.”
From Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Perovskite-Based Sensors (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
A low-cost method integrates mechanical luminescent devices with perovskite to create a compact, flexible pressure sensor.
“Figure 5B displays a low-cost method to integrate mechanical luminescent devices with perovskite, creating a compact, flexible pressure sensor [42].”
From Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Perovskite-Based Sensors (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Flexible mechanical sensors, characterized by flexibility, low cost, stability, and durability, have extensive application potential in various fields including artificial electronic skin, structural health monitoring, energy harvesting, foot ulcer detection, soft robotics, and wearable technology.
“In contrast, flexible mechanical sensors, characterized by their flexibility, low cost, stability, and durability, have extensive application potential in various fields including artificial electronic skin, structural health monitoring, energy harvesting, foot ulcer detection, soft robotics, and wearable technology [42,210].”
From Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Perovskite-Based Sensors (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Mechanoluminescent perovskite sensors use perovskite materials to emit light signals when subjected to stress, making them ideal for high-sensitivity force or pressure detection without an external light source.
“Mechanoluminescent perovskite sensors, in particular, use perovskite materials to emit light signals when subjected to stress, making them ideal for high-sensitivity force or pressure detection without the need for an external light source [42].”
From Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Perovskite-Based Sensors (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Shohag et al. developed a low-cost method to integrate mechanical luminescent devices with perovskite, creating a compact, flexible pressure sensor.
“Shohag et al. [42] developed a low-cost method to integrate mechanical luminescent devices with perovskite, creating a compact, flexible pressure sensor.”
From Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Perovskite-Based Sensors (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
The sensor demonstrates good stability and repeatability over 1000 cycles, making it suitable for health and structural monitoring.
“It demonstrates good stability and repeatability over 1000 cycles, making it suitable for health and structural monitoring.”
From Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Perovskite-Based Sensors (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Cites
A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres
Pang, C., Lee, G.-Y., Kim, T.-I., Kim, S. M., Kim, H. N., Ahn, S.-H., & Suh, K.-Y. (2012) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3380 · Cited by 1,695 · see citing works
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Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Perovskite-Based Sensors
Li, Y., Ding, Y., Sun, J., Tan, S., Li, Y., Wang, X., Cai, J., Bai, J., Lv, X., Guo, W., et al. (2025) · SmartMat · doi:10.1002/smm2.70022 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Mechan-oluminescent perovskite sensors, in particular, use perovskite materials to emit light signals when subjected to stress, making them ideal for high ‐ sensitivity force or pressure detection without the need for an external light source [42].”
InfluentialCarani, L. B., Martin, T. D., Eze, V. O., & Okoli, O. I. (2022) · Sensors and Actuators A: Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2022.113843 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationCutting-Edge Perovskite-Based Flexible Pressure Sensors Made Possible by Piezoelectric Innovation
Naz, A., Meng, Y., Luo, J., Khan, I. A., Abbas, R., Yu, S., & Wei, J. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17174196 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Carani, L. B., Eze, V. O., Iwuagwu, C., & Okoli, O. I. (2020) · Journal of Composites Science · doi:10.3390/jcs4040190 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Shohag, M. A. S., Eze, V. O., Braga Carani, L., & Okoli, O. I.
- Affiliations
- University of North Alabama (US)
- Florida A&M University - Florida State University College of Engineering (US)
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Corresponding author
- Okoli, Okenwa I.
- Venue
- ACS Applied Nano Materials
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-06-17
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 6749-6756
- ISSN
- 2574-0970 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3035953704
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Applied Nano Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Engineering Education and Centers (1359235)
- Division of Materials Research (DMR-1644779)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Perovskite Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Keywords
- mechanoluminescence, flexible pressure sensors, self-powered sensors, light harvesting, structural health monitoring, wearable electronics, electronic skin
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