Experimental and Theoretical Understanding of Nitrogen-Doping-Induced Strong Metal–Support Interactions in Pd/TiO2 Catalysts for Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation

Abstract

By doping the TiO 2 support with nitrogen, strong metal–support interactions (SMSI) in Pd/TiO 2 catalysts can be tailored to obtain high-performance supported Pd nanoparticles (NPs) in nitrobenzene (NB) hydrogenation catalysis. According to the comparative studies by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and diffuse reflectance CO FTIR (CO–DRIFTS), N-doping induced a structural promoting effect, which is beneficial for the dispersion of Pd species on TiO 2 . High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy study of Pd on N-doped TiO 2 confirmed a predominant presence of sub-2 nm Pd NPs, which are stable under the applied hydrogenation conditions. XPS and CO–DRIFTS revealed the formation of strongly coupled Pd–N species in Pd/TiO 2 with N-doped TiO 2 as support. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations over model systems with Pd n ( n = 1, 5, or 10) clusters deposited on TiO 2 (101) surface were performed to verify and supplement the experimental observations. In hydrogenation catalysis using NB as a model molecule, Pd NPs on N-doped TiO 2 outperformed those on N-free TiO 2 in terms of both catalytic activity and stability, which can be attributed to the presence of highly dispersed Pd NPs providing more active sites, and to the formation of Pd–N species favoring the dissociative adsorption of the reactant NB and the easier desorption of the product aniline.