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One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol–Gel Technique
Open accessAbstract
Because of its electrically conducting properties combined with excellent thermal stability and transparency throughout the visible spectrum, tin oxide (SnO2) is extremely attractive as a transparent conducting material for applications in low-emission window coatings and solar cells, as well as in lithium-ion batteries and gas sensors. It is also an important catalyst and catalyst support for oxidation reactions. Here, we describe a novel nonaqueous sol–gel synthesis approach to produce tin oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with a low NP size dispersion. The success of this method lies in the nonhydrolytic pathway that involves the reaction between tin chloride and an oxygen donor, 1-hexanol, without the need for a surfactant or subsequent thermal treatment. This one-pot procedure is carried out at relatively low temperatures in the 160–260 °C range, compatible with coating processes on flexible plastic supports. The NP size distribution, shape, and dislocation density were studied by powder X-ray powder diffraction analyzed using the method of whole powder pattern modeling, as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The SnO2 NPs were determined to have particle sizes between 3.4 and 7.7 nm. The reaction products were characterized using liquid-state 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that confirmed the formation of dihexyl ether and 1-chlorohexane. The NPs were studied by a combination of 13C, 1H, and 119Sn solid-state NMR as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The 13C SSNMR, FTIR, and Raman data showed the presence of organic species derived from the 1-hexanol reactant remaining within the samples. The optical absorption, studied using UV–visible spectroscopy, indicated that the band gap (Eg) shifted systematically to lower energy with decreasing NP sizes. This unusual result could be due to mechanical strains present within the smallest NPs perhaps associated with the organic ligands decorating the NP surface. As the size increased, we observed a correlation with an increased density of screw dislocations present within the NPs that could indicate relaxation of the stress. We suggest that this could provide a useful method for band gap control within SnO2 NPs in the absence of chemical dopants.
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“In general, SnO2 nanoparticles show an indirect interband transition.”
From Highly Dispersed Pt Clusters on F-Doped Tin(IV) Oxide Aerogel Matrix: An Ultra-Robust Hybrid Catalyst for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“owing to the higher binding energy of the Sn−F bond (487.8 eV) than that of the Sn−O bond (486.7 eV).38,44”
From Highly Dispersed Pt Clusters on F-Doped Tin(IV) Oxide Aerogel Matrix: An Ultra-Robust Hybrid Catalyst for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Karmaoui, M., Jorge, A. B., McMillan, P. F., Aliev, A. E., Pullar, R. C., Labrincha, J. A., & Tobaldi, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf (DZ)
- Queen Mary University of London , , Mile End Road , ,
- University College London (GB)
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- University of Aveiro , , Campus Universitário de Santiago , ,
- Corresponding author
- Karmaoui, Mohamed
- Tobaldi, David Maria
- Venue
- ACS Omega
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2018-10-15
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 13227-13238
- ISSN
- 2470-1343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6644347
- OpenAlex
- W2896513957
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Omega (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- ARCA (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007679)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BPD/74477/2010, UID/CTM/50011/2013)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Chemical and Physical Properties of Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › ZnO doping and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
- Keywords
- SnO2 nanoparticles, SnO2, non-hydrolytic sol-gel, 1-hexanol, tin chloride, band gap tuning, particle size effects, screw dislocations, transparent conductors, low-temperature synthesis, flexible plastic substrates, solid-state NMR, dislocation density
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