The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Generation of Optical Skyrmions with Tunable Topological Textures
Open accessAbstract
In recent times, the optical-analogous skyrmions, topological quasiparticles with sophisticated vectorial structures in light, have received an increasing amount of interest. Here we propose theortically and experimentally a generalized family of these, the tunable optical skyrmions, unveiling a new mechanism to transform between various skyrmionic topologies, including Néel, Bloch, and antiskyrmion types, via simple parametric tuning. In addition, a geometric Skyrme–Poincaré representation is proposed to visualize the complete topological evolution of tunable skyrmions, which we term the skyrmion torus. To generate the tunable optical skyrmions experimentally, we implemented a digital hologram system based on a spatial light modulator, the results of which show great agreement with our theoretical predictions.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a generalized family of tunable optical skyrmions whose topological textures can be transformed among Néel-, Bloch-, and antiskyrmion types via simple parametric tuning. It introduces a Skyrme-Poincaré sphere to map these topological transformations and realizes the skyrmions in Stokes vector fields of structured vector beams using a digital hologram system.
Key findings
- A closed-form vector field with two additional parameters, φ₁ and φ₂, enables tuning among skyrmion topologies: φ₁ = φ₂ = φ gives Néel-type at φ = 0, π and Bloch-type at φ = π/2, 3π/2; φ₁ = 0, φ₂ = φ gives Néel-to-antiskyrmion transformation with antiskyrmion at φ = π; φ₁ = π/2, φ₂ = φ gives Bloch-to-antiskyrmion transformation with antiskyrmion at φ = 3π/2.
- The skyrmion number is s = p·m, where m = 1 with γ = 0, π is Néel-type and γ = ±π/2 is Bloch-type, while m = −1 is anti-skyrmion; for normal polarity p = 1, s = 1 for Néel–Bloch tuning and s = −1 for anti-skyrmions.
- The proposed Skyrme-Poincaré sphere maps topological evolution: the equator represents Néel/Bloch transformations, the poles represent anti-skyrmions, and it can be bidirectionally mapped to the conventional OAM Poincaré sphere.
- The authors experimentally generated tunable Stokes skyrmions with an SLM-based digital hologram system, claiming the first experimental generation of topology-tunable optical skyrmions in free space and the first realization of optical anti-skyrmions, with “great agreement” to theory.
Methods
- Theoretically, the authors derive a generalized skyrmionic vector field from a surface plasmon polariton model by adding parameters φ₁ and φ₂, then construct vector beams ψ = ψ₁R + ψ₂L whose spatial modes are derived from the skyrmion vector components and whose Stokes vector field forms the skyrmion.
- Experimentally, they use a 632.8 nm HeNe laser, a spatial light modulator split into two independent hologram screens, spatial filtering, and a common-path triangular Sagnac interferometer with a polarizing beam splitter to generate and co-axially superpose the vector beams.
- Skyrmions are reconstructed via Stokes polarimetry: intensities I_H, I_V, I_D, and I_R are measured with phase retarders and a CCD camera, and Stokes parameters are computed as S₀ = I_H + I_V, S₁ = 2I_H − S₀, S₂ = 2I_D − S₀, S₃ = 2I_R − S₀.
Limitations
- The paper states that experimentally realizing the tunable skyrmions directly with surface plasmon polaritons would be cumbersome because φ₁ and φ₂ induce extreme conditions that are hard to fulfill, since stable SPP fields require rigorous conditions.
- Evident from the text: the experimental demonstration is limited to Stokes vector fields of structured vector beams in free space; other proposed platforms such as tightly focused spin vectors, propagating structured pulses, and pseudospins in nonlinear media are suggested but not experimentally tested.
- Evident from the text: the experimental agreement with theory is described qualitatively as “great agreement,” with no quantitative fidelity or error metrics reported.
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17 Own interpretation · 8 Own result · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Stokes vector field of the corresponding vector beam given by Eq. ( 5) shows a perfect Néel-type skyrmion, as evinced in Figs.3(c,d).”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“With our digital hologram system, we realized a controlled generation of Stokes skyrmions with arbitrary topological textures on the Skyrme-Poincaré sphere.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Figure 7 shows our experimentally generated LG-based results of tunable Stokes skyrmions on typical points of Skyrme-Poincaré sphere, including the measured intensity and polarization distributions, Stokes vector fields, and the zoom-in planforms of the vector field for clearly distinguishing the topological textures.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To generate experimentally the tunable optical skyrmions we implemented a digital hologram system based on a spatial light modulator, showing great agreement with our theoretical prediction.”
- Also stated in: § 1 Introduction · boosted
“Importantly, we experimentally generate the tunable optical skyrmions with all the topological types in structured vector beams controlled by a digital hologram system, showing great agreement with our theoretical prediction.”
- Also stated in: § 4 Discussion · boosted
“We experimentally generated such tunable optical skyrmions in Stokes vector fields of customized vector beams from a well-designed digital hologram system.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1 Introduction · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the contribution of the outside rings, far away the skyrmion center, is almost negligible, which means, we can replace the zero-and first-order Bessel modes by the fundamental Gaussian and first-order Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The simulation results also show that the effective regions to induce an skyrmionic structure are the central lobes of the zero-and first-order Bessel modes, as marked by red-dashed lines in Figs.3(a,b).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the generalized tunable optical skyrmion model is inspired from the case of SPP electric field, and realized by Stokes vector field, it is not limited in these cases and can be freely extendable.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attempting to use SPP to generate tunable skyrmions, as described by Eq. ( 4), the two parameters 𝜑 1 and 𝜑 2 would induce extreme conditions that are hard to fulfill, as a stable SPP field requires rigorous conditions than a free-space light field.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: A stable SPP field requires more rigorous conditions than a free-space light field.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore the Skyrme-Poincaré sphere representing skyrmionic topological transformation can be bidirectionally mapped to conventional OAM Poincaré sphere representing OAM transformation.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For 𝜑 1 = 0 and 𝜑 2 = 𝜑 ∈ [0, 2𝜋], Eq. ( 4) represents tunable skyrmion between Néel-type (𝜑 = 0) and antiskyrmion (𝜑 = 𝜋)”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first-know experimental generation of topology-tunable optical skyrmions in free space, also the first realization of optical anti-skyrmions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: No optical anti-skyrmion had been proposed before this work.
- Rests on an assumption: No experimental results for free-space skyrmions had been reported before this work.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 6(a) show an example of the experimental Stokes parameters along with the intensity profile overlapped with its corresponding polarization distribution, Fig. 6(a), for the specific case 𝜑 1 = 𝜑 2 = 0.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“In addition, Poincaré-like geometric representation is proposed to visualize the topological evolution of tunable skyrmions, which we termed Skyrme-Poincaré sphere, akin to the spin-orbit representation of complex vector modes.”
- Also stated in: § 1 Introduction · plain
“Moreover, a novel geometrical model, Skyrme-Poincaré sphere, is proposed to universally map the topological transformation of tunable optical skyrmions, akin to the prior modal Poincaré sphere representing spin-orbital conversation.”
- Also stated in: § 2.3 Skyrme-Poincaré sphere · plain
“In this section we present a graphical model, which we termed Skyrme-Poincaré sphere, to depict the general topological transformation of tunable skyrmion onto a Poincaré-like sphere.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 1 Introduction · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In order to realize experimentally the tunable optical skyrmions, we implemented a highly stable optical setup capable to generate arbitrary optical beams with almost any state of polarisation and spatial profile [27]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly in Skyrme-Poincaré sphere, the equatorial transformation is skyrmion-numberconserved, e.g., for the normal polarity 𝑝 = 1, the skyrmion number is always 𝑠 = 1 for the tunable skyrmion between Néel and Bloch.While, the area from equator to the poles reveals the transformation to anti-skyrmion (𝑠 = -1) introducing a fractional skyrmion-number evolution, akin to the fractional OAM evolution”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our methods provide a new platform for optical information storage, communication, and cryptography using skyrmionic topological states of light.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Θ = 0, the skyrmion transforms between Néel (Φ = 0, 𝜋) and Bloch (Φ = ±𝜋/2), which are represented on the equator.The anti-skyrmions are located at the poles, for Θ = 0 and Θ = ±𝜋/2, which are independent of Φ.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, the skyrmion number can be separated into two integers:”
- Also stated in: § 2.1 Topologies of skyrmions · plain
“𝑠 = 1 4𝜋 𝑟𝜎 ∫︁ 0 d𝑟 2𝜋 ∫︁ 0 d𝜃 d𝛽(𝑟) d𝑟 d𝛼(𝜃) d𝜃 sin 𝛽(𝑟) = 1 4𝜋 [cos 𝛽(𝑟)] 𝑟=𝑟𝜎 𝑟=0 [𝛼(𝜃)] 𝜃=2𝜋 𝜃=0 = 𝑝 • 𝑚”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § 2.1 Topologies of skyrmions · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the new concept of tunable skyrmion has a universal mathematical parametrization for generalized topology, the vector can refer to other kinds of optical field of structured light for the further exploration.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
A stable SPP field requires more rigorous conditions than a free-space light field.
“as a stable SPP field requires rigorous conditions than a free-space light field.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No optical anti-skyrmion had been proposed before this work.
“Finally, the optical anti-skyrmion also has never been proposed yet.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No experimental results for free-space skyrmions had been reported before this work.
“however, no experimental results have been reported for free-space skyrmions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Bloch-type spin-skyrmions were theoretically proposed in a designer multilayer chiral liquid crystal structure [56], in which chirality-dependent twisted features occur in the spin vector field.”
From Optical skyrmions and other topological quasiparticles of light (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 3 Experiment
“To experimentally measure 𝐼 𝐻 , 𝐼 𝑉 and 𝐼 𝐷 we passed the optical field through a linear polariser set at 0 ∘ , 45 ∘ and 95 ∘ , respectively”
§ 3 Experiment
“where, 𝐼 𝐻 , 𝐼 𝑉 , 𝐼 𝐷 and 𝐼 𝑅 represent the intensity of the horizontal, vertical, diagonal and right-handed polarisation components, respectively.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2.2 Tunable optical skyrmions
“The spatial modes 𝜓 1 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝜓 2 (𝑥, 𝑦) are shown in Figs.3(a,b)”
§ 4 Discussion
“distributions of 𝜓 1 (𝑥, 𝑦) (a) and 𝜓 1 (𝑥, 𝑦) (b)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2.2 Tunable optical skyrmions
“a result of an anti-skyrmion in Figs.2(c) and an interposed state in such transformation is shown in Figs.2(d)”
§ 4 Discussion
“Bloch-type (b, 𝜑 1 = 𝜑 2 = 𝜋/2), anti-skyrmion (b, 𝜑 1 = 0, 𝜑 2 = 𝜋), and an intermediate state (b, 𝜑 1 = 0, 𝜑 2 = 𝜋/2)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 3 Experiment
“Figure 6(a) show an example of the experimental Stokes parameters along with the intensity profile overlapped with its corresponding polarization distribution, Fig. 6(a)”
§ 4 Discussion
“Experimentally reconstructed (a) Stokes parameters and (b) intensity distribution of the vector field overlapped with its corresponding polarisation distribution.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2.3 Skyrme-Poincaré sphere
“For Θ = 0, the skyrmion transforms between Néel (Φ = 0, 𝜋) and Bloch (Φ = ±𝜋/2), which are represented on the equator.”
§ 2.3 Skyrme-Poincaré sphere
“The anti-skyrmions are located at the poles, for Θ = 0 and Θ = ±𝜋/2, which are independent of Φ.”
Citations
Cites
Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
Nagaosa, N., & Tokura, Y. (2013) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.243 · Cited by 4,076
Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal
Yu, X., Onose, Y., Kanazawa, N., Park, J. H., Han, J. H., Matsui, Y., Nagaosa, N., & Tokura, Y. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09124 · Cited by 3,453
Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications
FERT, A., Reyren, N., & Cros, V. (2017) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.31 · Cited by 2,447
Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities
Shen, Y., Wang, X., Xie, Z., Min, C., Fu, X., Liu, Q., Gong, M., & Yuan, X. (2019) · Light: Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-019-0194-2 · Cited by 2,219
Self-citationMagnetic antiskyrmions above room temperature in tetragonal Heusler materials
Nayak, A. K., Kumar, V., Ma, T., Werner, P., Pippel, E., Sahoo, R., Damay, F., Rößler, U., Felser, C., & Parkin, S. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23466 · Cited by 736
Néel-type skyrmion lattice with confined orientation in the polar magnetic semiconductor GaV4S8
Kézsmárki, I., Bordács, S., Milde, P., Neuber, E., Eng, L. M., White, J. S., Rønnow, H. M., Dewhurst, C. D., Mochizuki, M., Yanai, K., et al. (2015) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4402 · Cited by 703
Beyond skyrmions: Review and perspectives of alternative magnetic quasiparticles
Göbel, B., Mertig, I., & Tretiakov, O. A. (2020) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.10.001 · Cited by 698
Optical skyrmion lattice in evanescent electromagnetic fields
Tsesses, S., Ostrovsky, E., Cohen, K., Gjonaj, B., Lindner, N. H., & Bartal, G. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau0227 · Cited by 514
A review of complex vector light fields and their applications
Rosales‐Guzmán, C., Ndagano, B. I., & Forbes, A. (2018) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/aaeb7d · Cited by 510
Self-citationBeckley, A. M., Brown, T. G., & Alonso, M. A. (2010) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.18.010777 · Cited by 502
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Towards higher-dimensional structured light
He, C., Shen, Y., & Forbes, A. (2022) · Light Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-022-00897-3 · Cited by 699
Self-citationOptical skyrmions and other topological quasiparticles of light
Shen, Y., Zhang, Q., Shi, P., Du, L., Yuan, X., & Zayats, A. V. (2024) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-023-01325-7 · Cited by 469
Self-citationSupertoroidal light pulses as electromagnetic skyrmions propagating in free space
Shen, Y., Hou, Y., Papasimakis, N., & Zheludev, N. I. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26037-w · Cited by 229
Self-citationNon-local skyrmions as topologically resilient quantum entangled states of light
Ornelas, P., Nape, I., de Mello Koch, R., & Forbes, A. (2024) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-023-01360-4 · Cited by 167
Nonseparable States of Light: From Quantum to Classical
Shen, Y., & Rosales‐Guzmán, C. (2022) · Laser & Photonics Reviews · doi:10.1002/lpor.202100533 · Cited by 160
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Shen, Y., Martínez, E. C., & Rosales-Guzmán, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (MX)
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Yijie
- ORCID
- Shen, Yijie
- Venue
- ACS Photonics
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2022-01-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 296-303
- ISSN
- 2330-4022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4214759217
- Semantic Scholar
- 7a147ddbcbcf58a1bdceb5781beb612fed910ec2
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 18.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Photonics (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (11934013, 61975047)
- High-Level Talents Project of Heilongjiang Province (2020GSP12)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Nonlinear Photonic Systems
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Keywords
- optical skyrmions, topological textures, Néel skyrmions, Bloch skyrmions, antiskyrmions, parameter tuning, digital holography, spatial light modulator, vectorial light
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