The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express .gamma.-glutamyl transpeptidase
Abstract
We show that gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a glutathionase that enables cells to use extracellular glutathione as a source of cysteine. We transfected NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts with a plasmid containing cDNA for human GGT, and obtained stably transformed cell lines that expressed GGT in its proper orientation on the outer surface of the cell. NIH/3T3 fibroblasts require cysteine for growth and are unable to use extracellular glutathione as a source of cysteine. We demonstrate GGT-positive fibroblasts are able to grow in cysteine-free medium supplemented with glutathione. Cysteine derived from the cleavage of extracellular glutathione can be used to maintain intracellular levels of glutathione. GGT-positive NIH/3T3 cells were able to replenish intracellular glutathione when incubated in cysteine-free medium containing glutathione. GGT-negative cells could not. Therefore, GGT is a glutathionase that provides the cell with access to a secondary source of cysteine.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ellis, L., Clauser, E., Morgan, D. O., Edery, M., Roth, R. A., & Rutter, W. J. (1986) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90786-5 · Cited by 1,070
Cited by
Enzyme-activatable polymer–drug conjugate augments tumour penetration and treatment efficacy
Zhou, Q., Shao, S., Wang, J., Xu, C., Xiang, J., Piao, Y., Zhou, Z., Yu, Q., Tang, J., Liu, X., et al. (2019) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0485-z · Cited by 819
Cysteine Metabolism in Neuronal Redox Homeostasis
Paul, B. D., Sbodio, J. I., & Snyder, S. H. (2018) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.007 · Cited by 356
Metabolism of Cisplatin to a Nephrotoxin in Proximal Tubule Cells
Townsend, D. M., Deng, M., Zhang, L., Lapus, M. G., & Hanigan, M. H. (2003) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000042803.28024.92 · Cited by 317
Self-citationGlutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging
Iskusnykh, I. Y., Zakharova, A. A., & Pathak, D. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27010324 · Cited by 213
Li, H., Yao, Q., Xu, F., Xu, N., Duan, R., Long, S., Fan, J., Du, J., Wang, J., & Peng, X. (2018) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.028 · Cited by 109
Metadata
- Authors
- Hanigan, M. H., & Ricketts, W. A.
- Venue
- Biochemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 1993-06-22
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 6302-6306
- ISSN
- 0006-2960 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4995
- OpenAlex
- W2076837930
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express .gamma.-glutamyl transpeptidase. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/bi00075a026
- The paper
- Hanigan, M. H., & Ricketts, W. A. (1993). Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express .gamma.-glutamyl transpeptidase. Biochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00075a026
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
