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Cited by 305

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Lignin Esters for Use in Unsaturated Thermosets: Lignin Modification and Solubility Modeling

Thielemans, Wim, Wool, Richard P.·2005·Biomacromolecules
DOI 10.1021/bm0500345
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Abstract

Kraft lignins from hardwood and softwood were esterified with several anhydrides to alter their solubility behavior in nonpolar solvents, such as styrene-containing thermoset resins. The esterification reaction was facile, it reduced the amount of waste products, and can be readily scaled up. Increasing the carbon chain length on the ester group improved the solubility of kraft lignin in nonpolar solvents, with butyrated lignin being completely soluble in styrene. Esterification with unsaturated groups such as methacrylic anhydride, improved the solubility to a lesser extent than the saturated analogues. The solubility behavior of the modified lignin was described using the Flory-Huggins solubility theory, combined with the predictive method of Hoy. The main goal to obtain a styrene soluble kraft lignin that could be used in unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters was achieved with fully butyrated kraft lignin and a butyrated/methacrylated kraft lignin. The solubility of the latter is governed by the butyrate/methacrylate ratio. The reaction rate constants for the butyration and methacrylation reactions were also determined and the aromatic hydroxyl groups were found to be consistently three times more reactive than the aliphatic ones.

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Metadata

Authors
Thielemans, W., & Wool, R. P.
Venue
Biomacromolecules
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2005-06-07
Volume
6
Issue
4
Pages
1895-1905
ISSN
  • 1525-7797 (ISSN-L)
  • 1526-4602
DOI
10.1021/bm0500345
OpenAlex
W2054677497
Cited by
305
References
31
FWCI
3.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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