Co-liquefaction of Micro Algae with Coal Using Coal Liquefaction Catalysts
Abstract
Co-liquefaction of micro algae (Chlorella, Spirulina, and Littorale) with coal (Australian Yallourn brown coal and Illinois No. 6 coal) was carried out under pressurized H 2 in 1-methylnaphthalene at 350−400 °C for 60 min with various catalysts. Co-liquefaction of Chlorella with Yallourn coal was successfully achieved with excess sulfur to iron (S/Fe = 4), where sufficient amount of Fe 1 - x S, which is believed to be the active species in the coal liquefaction, was produced. The conversion and the yield of the hexane-soluble fraction were close to the values calculated from the additivity of the product yields of the respective homo-reactions. In the reaction with a one-to-one mixture of Chlorella and Yallourn coal, 99.8% of conversion and 65.5% of hexane-soluble fraction were obtained at 400 °C with Fe(CO) 5 at S/Fe = 4. When Littorale and Spirulina were used as micro algae, a similar tendency was observed with the iron catalyst. On the other hand, in the co-liquefaction with Illinois No. 6 coal, which is known to contain a large amount of sulfur in the form of catalytically active pyrite, the oil yield in the co-liquefaction was close to the additivity of the respective reaction with Fe(CO) 5 −S, even at S/Fe = 2. Ru 3 (CO) 12 was also effective for the co-liquefaction of micro algae with coal.
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The first study recorded on algal biomass liquefaction was published in 2001.
“The first study recorded was published in 2001 [37] and, until 2008, the scientific production in the area was constant and incipient, not exceeding two articles published per year.”
From Research Progress, Trends, and Future Prospects on Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae for Biocrude Production: A Bibliometric Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Ikenaga, N.-O., Ueda, C., Matsui, T., Ohtsuki, M., & Suzuki, T.
- Affiliations
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- Kansai University (JP)
- Venue
- Energy & Fuels
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2001-01-25
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 350-355
- ISSN
- 0887-0624 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5029
- OpenAlex
- W1966277533
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Energy & Fuels (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Coal Properties and Utilization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- co-liquefaction, microalgae, coal liquefaction, Chlorella, Spirulina, iron catalysts, iron pentacarbonyl, ruthenium catalysts, Ru3(CO)12, pyrite, lignite, Illinois No. 6 coal, Yallourn coal, hydrogenation, bio-oil
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