The Ideal Vegetable Oil-based Biodiesel Composition: A Review of Social, Economical and Technical Implications
Abstract
Though a considerable number of publications about biodiesel can be found in literature, several problems remain unsolved, encompassing economical, social, and technical issues. Thus, the biodiesel industry has come under attack by some environmental associations, and subsidies for biofuel production have been condemned by some governments. Yet, biodiesel may represent a truly competitive alternative to diesel fuel, for which fuel tax exemption and subsidies to energetic crops are needed. Biodiesel must increase its popularity among social movements and governments to constitute a valid alternative of energy source. In this sense, the use of nonedible oils to produce biodiesel is proposed in the present review. Moreover, the compromise of noninterference between land for energetic and food purposes must be addressed. Concerning technical issues, it is important to consider a transesterification optimization, which is missing or incomplete for too many vegetable oils already tested. In most cases, a common recipe to produce biodiesel from any raw material has been adopted, which may not represent the best approach. Such strategy may fit multifeedstock biodiesel plant needs but cannot be accepted for oils converted individually into biodiesel, because biodiesel yield will most likely fail, increasing costs. Transesterification optimization results depend on the chemical composition of vegetable oils and fats. Considering “sustainable” vegetable oils, biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum, Azadirachta indica, Terminalia catappa, Madhuca indica, Pongamia pinnata, and Jatropha curcas oils fits both current biodiesel standards: European EN 14214 and US ASTM D 6751 02. However, none of them can be considered to be the “ideal” alternative that matches all the main important fuel properties that ensure the best diesel engine behavior. In search of the ideal biodiesel composition, high presence of monounsaturated fatty acids (as oleic and palmitoleic acids), reduced presence of polyunsaturated acids, and controlled saturated acids content are recommended. In this sense, C18:1 and C16:1 are the best-fitting acids in terms of oxidative stability and cold weather behavior, among many other properties. Furthermore, genetic engineering is an invaluable tool to design oils presenting the most suitable fatty acid profile to provide high quality biodiesel. Finally, most published research related to engine performance and emissions fails in using a standard methodology, which should be implemented to allow the comparison between tests and biofuels from different origin. In conclusion, a compromise between social, economical, and technical agents must be reached.
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A high content in unsaturated fatty acids decreases oil oxidation stability, while biodiesel consisting of saturated long chain fatty acids shows poor cold-flow properties.
“Moreover, a high content in unsaturated fatty acids is responsible for decreasing the oil oxidation stability while biodiesel consisting of saturated long chain fatty acids shows poor cold-flow properties (Knothe 2008; Pinzi et al. 2009).”
From Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by metabolic pathway engineering (2011) · cites this paper as Pinzi et al. 2009
Low cetane numbers are associated with shorter chain lengths and an increase in the level of unsaturation in the fatty acid.
“Low cetane numbers are associated with shorter chain lengths and an increase in the level of unsaturation in the fatty acid.”
From Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by metabolic pathway engineering (2011) · cites this paper as Pinzi et al. 2009
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Self-citationAssessment of potential of oils for biodiesel production
Kumar, M., & Sharma, M. P. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
An overview of microdiesel — A sustainable future source of renewable energy
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Biodiesel production using microbial lipids derived from food waste discarded by catering services
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“…in rural areas is Jatropha oil (Kumar and Sharma, 2008; Makkar and Becker, 2009 It is non-edible oil, thus it will not impair food security issues (Pinzi et al., 2009) As it grows well on dry marginal non-agricultural land, it will not compete with land needed for food production or with nature…”
Biodiesel production using supercritical alcohols with a non-edible vegetable oil in a batch reactor
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BackgroundPhysical and Chemical Properties of Ethanol−Biodiesel Blends for Diesel Engines
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“Therefore, structural fatty acid composition will affect the physico-chemical properties of biodiesel such as cetane number, cold flow properties, heat of combustion and viscosity [6,61,62].”
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“According to Pinzi et al. (Pinzi et al., 2009) a longer carbon chain length results in a greater heating value, which has a signi fi cant impact on biodiesel ’ s cold fl ow properties.”
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- Authors
- Pinzi, S., Garcia, I. L., Lopez-Gimenez, F. J., Luque de Castro, M. D., Dorado, G., & Dorado, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Córdoba (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Dorado, M. P.
- Venue
- Energy & Fuels
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2009-05-21
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2325-2341
- ISSN
- 0887-0624 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5029
- OpenAlex
- W1991480853
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 18.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Energy & Fuels (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Keywords
- vegetable oils, nonedible oil, fatty acid composition, monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oxidative stability, cold weather performance, biodiesel properties, biofuel subsidies, land use competition, Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata, Madhuca indica, Terminalia catappa, Azadirachta indica, Calophyllum inophyllum
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