The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Field-Scale Evaluation of the Passive Flux Meter for Simultaneous Measurement of Groundwater and Contaminant Fluxes
Abstract
A new method, passive flux meter (PFM), has been developed and field-tested for simultaneously measuring contaminant and groundwater fluxes in the saturated zone at hazardous waste sites. The PFM approach uses a sorptive permeable medium placed in either a borehole or monitoring well to intercept contaminated groundwater and release "resident" tracers. The sorbent pack is placed in a groundwater flow field for a specified exposure time and then recovered for extraction and analysis. By quantifying the mass fraction of resident tracers lost and the mass of contaminant sorbed, groundwater and contaminant fluxes are calculated. Here, we assessed the performance of PFMs at the Canadian Forces Base Borden field site in Ontario, Canada. Two field tests were conducted under imposed groundwater flow fields: (1) radial flow to a well and (2) linear flow in a test channel confined by sheet pile walls on three sides. Both tests demonstrate that the local fluxes measured by PFM and averaged overthe screen interval were within 15% of imposed groundwaterflow and within 30% of measured contaminant mass flux. Patterns in depth variations in groundwater and contaminant fluxes, determined by the PFM approach, allow for site characterization at a higher spatial resolution. These results support the PMF method as a potential innovative alternative for measuring groundwater and contaminant fluxes in screened wells.
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Passive flux meters (PFMs) provide direct composite measurements of Darcy flux and groundwater-chemistry mass flux that can be used to calculate chemistry mass discharge.
“Passive flux meters (PFMs) directly measure groundwater chemistry mass flux and Darcy flux, providing insight into contaminant source-zone architecture and transport properties.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mass flux and mass balance at an aqueous film-forming foam release site in semiarid eastern New Mexico, USA (2025) · cites this paper as Annable et al., 2005
GAC may be suitable for measuring PFAS fluxes.
“suggesting that GAC may be suitable for measuring PFAS fluxes.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mass flux and mass balance at an aqueous film-forming foam release site in semiarid eastern New Mexico, USA (2025) · cites this paper as Annable et al., 2005
PFM fluxes measured using GAC were within 5% of known 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol fluxes during benchtop experiments and within 30% of known trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene fluxes during field testing.
“PFM fluxes measured using GAC were within 5 % of known 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol fluxes during benchtop experiments (Hatfield et al., 2004) and within 30 % of known trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene fluxes during field testing (Annable et al., 2005).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mass flux and mass balance at an aqueous film-forming foam release site in semiarid eastern New Mexico, USA (2025) · cites this paper as Annable et al., 2005
Citations
Cites
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Peer Reviewed: Predicting Impacts of Groundwater Contamination
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A direct passive method for measuring water and contaminant fluxes in porous media
Hatfield, K., Annable, M., Cho, J., Rao, P. S. C., & Klammler, H. (2004) · Journal of Contaminant Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.06.005 · Cited by 172
Self-citationBockelmann, A., Zamfirescu, D., Ptak, T., Grathwohl, P., & Teutsch, G. (2002) · Journal of Contaminant Hydrology · doi:10.1016/s0169-7722(02)00060-8 · Cited by 121
Hydrogeologic assessment of in situ natural attenuation in a controlled field experiment
Devlin, J. F., McMaster, M. L., & Barker, J. F. (2002) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2000wr000148 · Cited by 27
Jawitz, J. W., Annable, M. D., Clark, C. J., & Puranik, S. C. (2002) · Instrumentation Science & Technology · doi:10.1081/ci-120015449 · Cited by 14
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Research works printed but not linked: 10
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- King M. W. G., 1999, J. Contam. Hydrol., 39, 307
- Brockelmann A., 2001, J. Contam. Hydrol., 53, 452
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Cited by
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Gray, E. L., Potteiger, S. E., Brannon, T. D., Norton, S. B., Cho, J., & Annable, M. D. (2025) · Journal of Contaminant Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104550 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Annable, M. D., Hatfield, K., Cho, J., Klammler, H., Parker, B. L., Cherry, J. A., & Rao, P. S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Annable, Michael D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2005-08-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 7194-7201
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2027001199
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 10.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- Environmental Security Technology Certification Program
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Groundwater flow and contamination studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Landfill Environmental Impact Studies
- Keywords
- contaminant mass flux, saturated zone, hazardous waste sites, field testing, site characterization
- MeSH terms
- Alcohols, Biodegradation, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, Industrial Waste, Kinetics, Ontario, Soil Pollutants, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Pollution, Water Pollution, Chemical, Water Supply, Models, Statistical, Waste Management
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