Occurrence of a new generation of disinfection byproducts†
Abstract
A survey of disinfection byproduct (DBP) occurrence in the United States was conducted at 12 drinking water treatment plants. In addition to currently regulated DBPs, more than 50 DBPs that rated a high priority for potential toxicity were studied. These priority DBPs included iodinated trihalomethanes (THMs), other halomethanes, a nonregulated haloacid, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, halonitromethanes, haloaldehydes, halogenated furanones, haloamides, and nonhalogenated carbonyls. The purpose of this study was to obtain quantitative occurrence information for new DBPs (beyond those currently regulated and/or studied) for prioritizing future health effects studies. An effort was made to select plants treating water that was high in total organic carbon and/or bromide to enable the detection of priority DBPs that contained bromine and/or iodine. THMs and haloacetic acids (HAAs) represented the two major classes of halogenated DBPs formed on a weight basis. Haloacetaldehydes represented the third major class formed in many of the waters. In addition to obtaining quantitative occurrence data, important new information was discovered or confirmed at full-scale plants on the formation and control of DBPs with alternative disinfectants to chlorine. Although the use of alternative disinfectants (ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines) minimized the formation of the four regulated THMs, trihalogenated HAAs, and total organic halogen (TOX), several priority DBPs were formed at higher levels with the alternative disinfectants as compared with chlorine. For example, the highest levels of iodinated THMs-which are not part of the four regulated THMs-were found at a plant that used chloramination with no prechlorination. The highest concentration of dichloroacetaldehyde was at a plant that used chloramines and ozone; however, this disinfection scheme reduced the formation of trichloroacetaldehyde. Preozonation was found to increase the formation of trihalonitromethanes. In addition to the chlorinated furanones that have been measured previously, brominated furanones-which have seldom been analyzed-were detected, especially in high-bromide waters. The presence of bromide resulted in a shift to the formation of other bromine-containing DBPs not normally measured (e.g., brominated ketones, acetaldehydes, nitromethanes, acetamides). Collectively, -30 and 39% of the TOX and total organic bromine, respectively, were accounted for (on a median basis) bythe sum of the measured halogenated DBPs. In addition, 28 new, previously unidentified DBPs were detected. These included brominated and iodinated haloacids, a brominated ketone, and chlorinated and iodinated aldehydes.
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Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids account for nearly 25% of all halogenated disinfection by-products.
“THMs and HAAs account for nearly 25% of all halogenated DBPs (Krasner et al., 2006)”
From Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Krasner et al., 2006
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- Authors
- Krasner, S. W., Weinberg, H. S., Richardson, S. D., Pastor, S. J., Chinn, R., Sclimenti, M. J., Onstad, G. D., & Thruston, A. D.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krasner, Stuart W.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2006-07-26
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 7175-7185
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2049063210
- Cited by
- 1,633
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 113 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 25.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Keywords
- disinfection by-products, drinking water treatment, iodinated trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetaldehydes, brominated furanones, alternative disinfectants, chloramination, ozone disinfection, chlorine dioxide, pre-ozonation, bromide, iodide, total organic halogen, brominated ketones, halonitromethanes
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Gas, Disinfectants, Environmental Monitoring, Hydrocarbons, Brominated, Hydrocarbons, Iodinated, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Trihalomethanes
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