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Global In-Use Stocks of the Rare Earth Elements: A First Estimate
Abstract
Even though rare earth metals are indispensible in modern technology, very little quantitative information other than combined rare earth oxide extraction is available on their life cycles. We have drawn upon published and unpublished information from China, Japan, the United States, and elsewhere to estimate flows into use and in-use stocks for 15 of the metals: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y. Here, we show that the combined flows into use comprised about 90 Gg in 2007; the highest for individual metals were ∼28 Gg Ce and ∼22 Gg La, the lowest were ∼0.16 Gg Tm and ∼0.15 Gg Lu. In-use stocks ranged from 144 Gg Ce to 0.2 Gg Tm; these stocks, if efficiently recycled, could provide a valuable supplement to geological stocks.
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Cited by
Recycling of rare earths: a critical review
Binnemans, K., Jones, P. T., Blanpain, B., Van Gerven, T., Yang, Y., Walton, A., & Buchert, M. (2013) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.037 · Cited by 2,382
Evaluating Rare Earth Element Availability: A Case with Revolutionary Demand from Clean Technologies
Alonso, E., Sherman, A. M., Wallington, T. J., Everson, M. P., Field, F. R., Roth, R., & Kirchain, R. E. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es203518d · Cited by 1,033
Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis
Nuss, P., & Eckelman, M. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101298 · Cited by 777
Metallurgical process for valuable elements recovery from red mud—A review
Liu, Z., & Li, H. (2015) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.03.018 · Cited by 344
Rademaker, J. H., Kleijn, R., & Yang, Y. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es305007w · Cited by 344
Metadata
- Authors
- Du, X., & Graedel, T. E.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-03-25
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4096-4101
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2072955551
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 40.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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