Future Emissions and Atmospheric Fate of HFC-1234yf from Mobile Air Conditioners in Europe

Henne, Stephan; Shallcross, Dudley E.; Reimann, Stefan; Xiao, Ping; Brunner, Dominik; O’Doherty, Simon; Buchmann, Brigitte

doi:10.1021/es2034608

Cited by 95Atmospheric Ozone and ClimateAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsRefrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies

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Future Emissions and Atmospheric Fate of HFC-1234yf from Mobile Air Conditioners in Europe

Henne, Stephan, Shallcross, Dudley E., Reimann, Stefan, Xiao, Ping, Brunner, Dominik, O’Doherty, Simon, Buchmann, Brigitte·2012·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es2034608

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Abstract

HFC-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) is under discussion for replacing HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) as a cooling agent in mobile air conditioners (MACs) in the European vehicle fleet. Some HFC-1234yf will be released into the atmosphere, where it is almost completely transformed to the persistent trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Future emissions of HFC-1234yf after a complete conversion of the European vehicle fleet were assessed. Taking current day leakage rates and predicted vehicle numbers for the year 2020 into account, European total HFC-1234yf emissions from MACs were predicted to range between 11.0 and 19.2 Gg yr(-1). Resulting TFA deposition rates and rainwater concentrations over Europe were assessed with two Lagrangian chemistry transport models. Mean European summer-time TFA mixing ratios of about 0.15 ppt (high emission scenario) will surpass previously measured levels in background air in Germany and Switzerland by more than a factor of 10. Mean deposition rates (wet + dry) of TFA were estimated to be 0.65-0.76 kg km(-2) yr(-1), with a maxium of ∼2.0 kg km(-2) yr(-1) occurring in Northern Italy. About 30-40% of the European HFC-1234yf emissions were deposited as TFA within Europe, while the remaining fraction was exported toward the Atlantic Ocean, Central Asia, Northern, and Tropical Africa. Largest annual mean TFA concentrations in rainwater were simulated over the Mediterranean and Northern Africa, reaching up to 2500 ng L(-1), while maxima over the continent of about 2000 ng L(-1) occurred in the Czech Republic and Southern Germany. These highest annual mean concentrations are at least 60 times lower than previously determined to be a safe level for the most sensitive aquatic life-forms. Rainwater concentrations during individual rain events would still be 1 order of magnitude lower than the no effect level. To verify these results future occasional sampling of TFA in the atmospheric environment should be considered. If future HFC-1234yf emissions surpass amounts used here studies of TFA accumulation in endorheic basins and other sensitive areas should be aspired.

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Henne et al. found that emissions of HFO-1234yf would lead to deposition of 0.37-0.76 kg TFA km−2 year−1 in Europe in 2020.
“Henne et al. [108] constructed high and low emission scenarios and found that emissions of HFO-1234yf would lead to deposition of 0.37–0.76 kg TFA km−2 year−1 in Europe in 2020.”
From Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024 (2025) · cites this paper as Henne et al. [108]

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Increasing and Widespread Deposition of Trifluoroacetic Acid from Global Emissions of HFO-1234yf in Mobile-Air ConditioningPreprint
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Authors: Henne, S., Shallcross, D. E., Reimann, S., Xiao, P., Brunner, D., O’Doherty, S., & Buchmann, B.
Affiliations: Empa (CH)
University of Bristol (GB)
Corresponding author: Henne, Stephan
ORCID: Henne, Stephan
Shallcross, Dudley E.
Reimann, Stefan
Brunner, Dominik
O’Doherty, Simon
Buchmann, Brigitte
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2012-01-24
Volume: 46
Issue: 3
Pages: 1650-1658
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es2034608
OpenAlex: W2118549312
Cited by: 95
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 4.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DORA Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)) (submittedVersion)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/I014381/1, NE/G01972X/1, NE/J009008/1)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
Keywords: trifluoroacetic acid, refrigerant emissions, atmospheric fate, wet and dry deposition, rainwater contamination, aquatic toxicity, endorheic basin
MeSH terms: Air Conditioning, Air Movements, Air Pollutants, Atmosphere, Europe, Fluorocarbons, Forecasting, Geography, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Models, Theoretical, Rain, Trifluoroacetic Acid, Motor Vehicles

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Future Emissions and Atmospheric Fate of HFC-1234yf from Mobile Air Conditioners in Europe

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