The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Negative pH and Extremely Acidic Mine Waters from Iron Mountain, California
Abstract
Extremely acidic mine waters with pH values as low as −3.6, total dissolved metal concentrations as high as 200 g/L, and sulfate concentrations as high as 760 g/L, have been encountered underground in the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, CA. These are the most acidic waters known. The pH measurements were obtained by using the Pitzer method to define pH for calibration of glass membrane electrodes. The calibration of pH below 0.5 with glass membrane electrodes becomes strongly nonlinear but is reproducible to a pH as low as −4. Numerous efflorescent minerals were found forming from these acid waters. These extreme acid waters were formed primarily by pyrite oxidation and concentration by evaporation with minor effects from aqueous ferrous iron oxidation and efflorescent mineral formation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters
Smedley, P. L., & Kinniburgh, D. G. (2002) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0883-2927(02)00018-5 · Cited by 7,691
Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles
Baker-Austin, C., & Dopson, M. (2007) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.005 · Cited by 659
An Archaeal Iron-Oxidizing Extreme Acidophile Important in Acid Mine Drainage
Edwards, K. J., Bond, P. L., Gihring, T. M., & Banfield, J. F. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1796 · Cited by 567
Metal-sulfate Salts from Sulfide Mineral Oxidation
Jambor, J. L., Nordstrom, D. K., & Alpers, C. N. (2000) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2000.40.6 · Cited by 340
Self-citationArce‐Rodríguez, A., Volke, D. C., Bense, S., Häussler, S., & Nikel, P. I. (2019) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13439 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Nordstrom, D. K., Alpers, C. N., Ptacek, C. J., & Blowes, D. W.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 1999-12-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 254-258
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2009172246
- Cited by
- 545
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 10.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Negative pH and Extremely Acidic Mine Waters from Iron Mountain, California. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/es990646v
- The paper
- Nordstrom, D. K., Alpers, C. N., Ptacek, C. J., & Blowes, D. W. (2000). Negative pH and Extremely Acidic Mine Waters from Iron Mountain, California. Environmental Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990646v
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
