The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Occurrence and Behavior of X-ray Contrast Media in Sewage Facilities and the Aquatic Environment
Abstract
The occurrence of iodinated X-ray contrast media derived from radiological examinations was investigated in German municipal sewage, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents, rivers, and groundwater using LC-electrospray tandem MS detection. The four X-ray contrast media, diatrizoate, iopamidol, iopromide, and iomeprol are ubiquitously distributed in the sewage and in the aquatic environment. The X-ray contrast media were not significantly eliminated during the sewage treatment processes close to Frankfurt/Main. On weekdays the loading of the X-ray contrast media was significantly increased, because X-ray examinations are performed in hospitals and radiological practices predominately from Monday to Friday. The maximum concentration measured in STP effluents was 15 μg/L for iopamidol. Due to the high contamination of STP effluents with X-ray contrast media, the respective receiving waters (rivers and creeks) were also highly polluted. Median values up to 0.49 μg/L for iopamidol and 0.23 μg/L for diatrizoate were determined. In groundwater these polar compounds were present up to concentrations as high as 2.4 μg/L for iopamidol. Since X-ray contrast media are predominantly applied in human medicine, the polluted municipal STP effluents are presumably the sole sources for the contamination of the aquatic environment.
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Citations
Cites
Occurrence of Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environment
Hirsch, R., Ternes, T., Haberer, K., & Kratz, K.-L. (1999) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00337-4 · Cited by 2,140
Cited by
Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals
Fent, K., Weston, A. A., & Caminada, D. (2006) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.009 · Cited by 3,223
Heberer, T. (2002) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00041-3 · Cited by 2,995
Patel, M., Kumar, R., Kishor, K., Mlsna, T., Pittman, C. U., & Mohan, D. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299 · Cited by 2,654
Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence
Lapworth, D. J., Baran, N., Stuart, M. E., & Ward, R. S. (2012) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.034 · Cited by 1,895
Tran, N. H., Reinhard, M., & Gin, K. Y.-H. (2018) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.029 · Cited by 1,686
Metadata
- Authors
- Ternes, T. A., & Hirsch, R.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2000-06-06
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2741-2748
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2050590731
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 8.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
