Reduction of ilmenite with hydrogen
Abstract
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of ilmenite with hydrogenY. Zhao and F. ShadmanCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1991, 30, 9, 2080–2087Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00057a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00057a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views918Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
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Sintering micro-trusses in a hydrogen environment may not necessarily result in a peak strength increase, but it has practical applications in oxygen and water collection for human use on the Moon through reduction of ilmenite to metallic iron by hydrogen.
“Sintering micro-trusses in a hydrogen environment may not necessarily result in a peak strength increase, but it has practical applications in oxygen and water collection for human use on the Moon through a reduction process of the ilmenite ( FeTiO 3 ) mineral found in Lunar regolith to metallic iron by hydrogen [94,256-258].”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [258]
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Kinetics of redox reactions of ilmenite for chemical-looping combustion
Abad, A., Adánez, J., Cuadrat, A., et al. (2010) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2010.11.010 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“…of ilmenite for metallurgical applications using H2 (Bardi et al., 1987; Grey et al., 2007; Sun et al., 1992b and 1993; Vries and Grey, 2006; Zhao and Shadman, 1991), CO (Park and Ostrovski, 2003; Zhao and Shadman, 1990), CH4 (Zhang and Ostrovski, 2001) or carbon (Wang and Yuan, 2006) as…”
MethodEffect of support on redox stability of iron oxide for chemical looping conversion of methane
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Study on Kinetics of Iron Oxide Reduction by Hydrogen
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Sintering of micro-trusses created by extrusion-3D-printing of lunar regolith inks
Taylor, S. L., Jakus, A. E., Koube, K. D., Ibeh, A. J., Geisendorfer, N. R., Shah, R. N., & Dunand, D. C. (2018) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.11.005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Reductive kinetics of the reaction between a natural ilmenite and carbon
Wang, Y., & Yuan, Z. (2006) · International Journal of Mineral Processing · doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2006.07.010 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Yu-ming, W. A. N. G., Yuan, Z., Guo, Z., et al. (2008) · Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China · doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(08)60166-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Kinetics and mechanism of hydrogen reduction of ilmenite powders
Dang, J., Zhang, G., & Chou, K. (2014) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.057 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Reduction Extraction Kinetics of Titania and Iron from an Ilmenite by H2–Ar Gas Mixtures
Wang, Y., Yuan, Z., Matsuura, H., et al. (2009) · ISIJ International · doi:10.2355/isijinternational.49.164 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Reductive kinetics of Panzhihua ilmenite with hydrogen
Lu, C., Zou, X., Lu, X., et al. (2016) · Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China · doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64460-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction
Azami, M., Kazemi, Z., Moazen, S., Dubé, M., Potvin, M.-J., & Skonieczny, K. (2024) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101045 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hydrochloric acid leaching behavior of different treated Panxi ilmenite concentrations
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Reduction mechanism of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite pellets by H2–CO–CO2 gas mixtures
Tang, J., Chu, M., Li, F., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials · doi:10.1007/s12613-015-1108-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zeng, L., Luo, S., Sridhar, D., et al. (2012) · Reviews in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1515/revce-2011-0010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Zhao and Shadman (1990, 1991) identifi ed the diffusion of atomic iron and oxygen through the ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ) structure during the reduction of ilmenite with carbon monoxide and hydrogen.”
BackgroundZhang, J., Zhang, G., Zhu, Q., et al. (2014) · Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B · doi:10.1007/s11663-013-0018-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effect of Na2B4O7 Addition on Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate
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Phase transformation behavior of titanium during carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite ironsand
Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials · doi:10.1007/s12613-016-1290-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Enhanced reduction of ilmenite ore by pre-oxidation in the view of pore formation
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Carbothermal reduction of ilmenite concentrates and synthetic rutile in different gas atmospheres
Dewan, M. A., Zhang, G., & Ostrovski, O. (2011) · Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy Section C · doi:10.1179/1743285511y.0000000001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Reduction of ilmenite by hydrogen was studied (Yamaguchi et al., 1966; Hussein and Eltawil, 1967; Briggs and Sacco, 1991; Zhao and Shadman, 1991; Vijay et al., 1996) and by carbon monoxide (Jones, 1973, 1975; Yakubovich et al., 1975; Merk and Pickles, 1988).”
MethodYamaguchi, D., Tang, L., & Chiang, K. (2017) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.014 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Reduction Kinetics of FeTiO3 Powder by Hydrogen
Zhang, G., Chou, K., & Zhao, H. (2012) · ISIJ International · doi:10.2355/isijinternational.52.1986 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ping, T., Hu, H., & Zhang, L. (2011) · Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China · doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(11)60875-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Reaction Mechanism of Various Types of Lunar Soil Simulants by Hydrogen Reduction
Sueyoshi, K., Watanabe, T., Nakano, Y., Kanamori, H., Aoki, S., Miyahara, A., & Matsui, K. (2008) · ASCE International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments (Earth and Space) · doi:10.1061/40988(323)134 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Zhao and Shadman (1991) investigated H2 reduction mechanism of ilmenite powder (less than 45 μm) prepared by cold press molding.”
BackgroundStudy on the reduction of ilmenite-type FeTiO3 by H2
Baysal, Z., Kirchner, J., Mehne, M., & Kureti, S. (2020) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.266 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effect of titanium suboxides on the reaction mechanism of hydrogen-reduced ilmenite
Yu, H., Li, C., Wei, K., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.071 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chen, F., Lv, W., Zhou, G., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.11.217 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, C., Zhang, G., Wang, Y., & Song, L. (2025) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies13050103 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Investigation of the Kinetics of Reduction of Iron Titanate (FeTiO3) by Hydrogen
Kapilashrami, A., Arvanitidis, I., & Sichen, D. (1996) · High Temperature Materials and Processes · doi:10.1515/htmp.1996.15.1-2.73 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gaseous Reduction Behavior of Primary Ilmenite at Temperatures Between 1273 K and 1473 K
Choi, K., Jeon, H. S., Lee, S., et al. (2021) · Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B · doi:10.1007/s11663-021-02370-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yang, S., Zhou, M., Jiang, T., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials · doi:10.1007/s12613-018-1557-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Formation of Titanium Carbide from Ilmenite Concentrates in a Thermal Plasma Reactor
Taylor, P. R., Manrique, M., Pirzada, S. A., et al. (1995) · Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing · doi:10.1007/bf03651422 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wijewardhana, T. D. U., & Ratnayake, A. S. (2021) · Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center · doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00608-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This method can thus be identified as an industrially important process due to the solid-state separation of titanium dioxide (synthetic rutile) and iron present in ilmenite (Zhao and Shadman 1991).”
MethodWijewardhana, T. D. U., Subasinghe, H. C. S., & Ratnayake, A. S. (2021) · Mining Metallurgy & Exploration · doi:10.1007/s42461-021-00420-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Crystallographic Control in Ilmenite Reduction
de Vries, M. L., Grey, I. E., & Gerald, J. D. F. (2007) · Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B · doi:10.1007/s11663-006-9015-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reduction of Norwegian and Indian ilmenite with carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas blends
Lobo, S., Kolbeinsen, L., & Seim, S. (2016) · Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00084433.2016.1206291 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“As previous work concludes, iron formation during ilmenite reduction has three distinct parts: (1) induction of nucleation, (2) acceleration due to mass transport and (3) deceleration due to consumption of reactants.(4,5) The lower oxygen partial pressure created by the H2/H2O 6 Optical micrograph near the outer layer…”
BackgroundInfluentialMultiple gaseous reduction of ilmenite: thermodynamic and experimental study
Xiao, W., Lu, X., Zou, X., Li, C., & Ding, W. (2015) · Rare Metals · doi:10.1007/s12598-014-0264-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Zhao and Shadman [17] investigated the apparent kinetics and reaction mechanisms of hydrogen direct reduction in temperature range of 800–1100 C.”
BackgroundYunos, N. F. M., Idris, M. A., Nasrun, N. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy · doi:10.1007/s40831-023-00760-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The presence of hydrogen as reductant compared to carbon monoxide was more reactive for reducing iron oxides in ilmenite ore into metallic iron [22].”
BackgroundSarkar, B. K., Dastidar, M. G., Dey, R. K., et al. (2018) · Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00084433.2018.1553750 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pre‐Oxidation and Hydrogen Reduction of Panzhihua Ilmenite Concentrate
Xiao, W., Lu, X., Ding, W., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118888551.ch24 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Producing green rutile from secondary ilmenite via hydrogen reduction
Spencer, W., Ibana, D. C., Singh, P., et al. (2024) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2024.109113 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Steiner, T., Schulze, K., Kienzl, N., et al. (2024) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131528 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Biofuels as renewable reductants for the processing of ilmenite to produce synthetic rutile
Spencer, W. F., Ibana, D. C., Singh, P., et al. (2022) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107808 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reduction of iron-bearing lunar minerals for the production of oxygen
Massieon, C. C. (1992) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reduction Kinetics of Pre-Oxidized Ilmenite Pellets by H2-H2O Gas Mixtures
Canaguier, V., & Ringdalen, E. (2023) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met13020332 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Hydrogen is considered to favor nucleation compared with CO gas as the H 2 molecules have higher diffusivity overall leading to the easier formation of small iron particles upon reduction [9,17].”
BackgroundInfluentialGupta, P. K., Li, F., Velazquez‐Vargas, L. G., et al. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470872888.ch2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nayak, D., Rath, S. S., Pati, S., & De, P. S. (2024) · Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review · doi:10.1080/08827508.2024.2347476 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In the same way, Zhao and Shadman (1991) studied the reduction mechanism and kinetics of synthetic ilmenite by hydrogen at temperatures below 876°C.”
CHEMICAL LOOPING TECHNOLOGY FOR FOSSIL FUEL CONVERSION WITHIN SITUCO2CONTROL
Fan, L., Tong, A., & Zeng, L. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119251101.ch12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Optimization of Hydrogen Reduction of Kahnuj Ilmenite Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Ghasemi, L., Seyedein, S. H., Adeli, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy · doi:10.1007/s40831-024-00904-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The expected mass loss and reduction degree are based on the following general reactions [11, 30, 31]:”
Joy, M., & Bhat, K. H. (2025) · Discover Chemistry. · doi:10.1007/s44371-025-00110-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It includes: H 2 gas diffusion through the product TiO 2 layer, reaction between H 2 and the parent ilmenite, diffusion of metallic iron out of TiO 2 layer leaves behind pores and deposition of metallic iron at the ilmenite grain boundaries [47].”
El‐Gawad, H. H. A., El-Hussiny, N. A., Wassf, M. A., et al. (2009) · Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria
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Thermo- and Mechanochemical Reduction of Ilmenite with H2, Mg, and CaH2
Haack, A., Lucas, N. T., & Pistidda, C. (2026) · Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy · doi:10.1007/s40831-026-01531-x
“Some studies suggest that the reaction is continuously retarded owing to the formation of Fe on the particle surface, which inhibits the reduction of the bulk material [34, 35].”
Zhang, G. C., Liu, X., Liu, Y., He, Y., Wang, H., Tian, Z., Yu, S., Zheng, Q., Liu, G., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2026.106306
Lv, T., An, Y., Song, J., et al. (2026) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2026.123252
The effect of particle size on the reduction of ilmenite
Marathay, P. A. (1994) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
- Authors
- Zhao, Y., & Shadman, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- ORCID
- Shadman, F.
- Venue
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 1991-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2080-2087
- ISSN
- 0888-5885 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5045
- OpenAlex
- W2037592318
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Iron and Steelmaking Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Keywords
- ilmenite, hydrogen reduction, titanium dioxide, iron oxide reduction
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