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Do All Carbonized Charcoals Have the Same Chemical Structure? 2. A Model of the Chemical Structure of Carbonized Charcoal
Abstract
Charcoals and carbonized charcoals (i.e., biocarbons) were prepared from a wide variety of biomass substrates, including pure sugars containing five- and six-membered rings with furanose and pyranose configurations, lignin, agricultural residues (corncob and nut shells), and a hard wood. These biocarbons were subject to proximate and elemental analysis, gas sorption analysis, and analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron spin resonance (ESR), 13 C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR, and matrix-assisted, laser desorption ionization coupled with time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). All the carbonized charcoals contained oxygen heteroatoms, had high surface areas, and were excellent conductors of electricity. Doping the biocarbon with boron or phosphorus resulted in a slight improvement in its electrical conductivity. The XRD analysis indicated that the carbonized charcoals possess an aromaticity of about 71% that results from graphite crystallites with an average size of about 20 Å. The NMR analysis confirmed the highly aromatic content of the carbonized charcoals. The ESR signals indicated two major types of carbon-centered organic radicals. MALDI-TOF spectra of the charcoals and carbonized charcoals greatly differed from those of synthetic graphite. The biocarbons contained readily desorbed discrete ions with m / z values of 317, 429, 453, 465, 685, and 701. These findings were employed to develop a model for the structure of carbonized charcoal that is consistent with the biocarbon's oxygen content, microporosity and surface area, electrical conductivity, radical content, and its MALDI-TOF spectra.
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“Lowtemperature biochars contain labile hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl and hemiacetal compounds, while high-temperature biochars contain pyranones, ethers and quinines”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Bourke et al. 2007
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bourke, J., Manley-Harris, M., Fushimi, C., Dowaki, K., Nunoura, T., & Antal, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand, and the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
- Venue
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 5954-5967
- ISSN
- 0888-5885 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5045
- OpenAlex
- W1992615112
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Waikato
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- biocarbon, oxygen heteroatoms, aromaticity, graphite crystallites, carbon-centered radicals, electrical conductivity, MALDI-TOF mass spectra, surface area, microporosity, biomass-derived carbon
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