Dynamic Second Harmonic Imaging of Proton Translocation Through Water Needles in Lipid Membranes
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High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Proton translocation through lipid membranes is a fundamental process in the field of biology. Several theoretical models have been developed and presented over the years to explain the phenomenon, yet the exact mechanism is still not well understood. Here, we show that proton translocation is directly related to membrane potential fluctuations. Using high-throughput wide-field second harmonic (SH) microscopy, we report apparently universal transmembrane potential fluctuations in lipid membrane systems. Molecular simulations and free energy calculations suggest that H + permeation proceeds predominantly across a thin, membrane-spanning water needle and that the transient transmembrane potential drives H + ions across the water needle. This mechanism differs from the transport of other cations that require completely open pores for transport and follows naturally from the well-known Grotthuss mechanism for proton transport in bulk water. Furthermore, SH imaging and conductivity measurements reveal that the rate of proton transport depends on the structure of the hydrophobic core of bilayer membranes.
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The magnitude of these transmembrane potentials is biologically relevant and prevalent in transient states near the surfaces of cell membranes.
“The magnitude of these transmembrane potentials is biologically relevant, prevalent in transient states near the surfaces of cell membranes 8,12 , underscoring the potential importance of this mechanism in biological events.”
From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction describes transient potential gradients at membrane interfaces and says fluctuations appear across different model membrane systems. Results and Discussion reports temporary local potentials up to about 350 mV and links them to proton translocation. The experiments used model lipid bilayers, however; the paper does not establish that potentials of this magnitude are prevalent near actual cell-membrane surfaces. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElectropores may form under external electric fields and can also arise spontaneously in naturally occurring systems due to transient transmembrane potentials arising from bilayer-surface charge fluctuations.
“Electropores may form under external electric fields 9 and can also arise spontaneously in naturallyoccuring (particularly biological) systems due to transient transmembrane potentials arising from bilayer-surface charge flucuations 8,12,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] .”
From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction reports that fluctuations in charged lipid bilayers create transient intrinsic membrane-potential gradients that lower the energy barrier for pore formation. That supports the proposed spontaneous mechanism, but the passage describes model membranes and does not establish that electropores arise this way in naturally occurring, particularly biological, systems. The external-field clause is separately cited and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe enhancement of ΔΦ0 arises from overlapping electric double layers of contact sites, increasing the probability of electroporation preceding the peripore-stalk-zipper pathway.
“This enhancement arises from overlapping electric double layers of contact sites, increasing the probability of electroporation 8,12 preceding the peripore-stalk-zipper pathway.”
From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says transient membrane-potential gradients can lower the energy barrier for pore formation, supporting the general link between electrostatics and pore formation. It does not attribute a ΔΦ0 enhancement to overlapping electric double layers at contact sites or place electroporation before a peripore-stalk-zipper pathway. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpontaneous transmembrane potentials arise naturally due to bilayer-surface-charge/electric double layer fluctuations and result in transient membrane electropores.
“As noted, such potentials arise naturally due to bilayer-surface-charge/electric double layer fluctuations, and result in transient membrane electropores 8,12 .”
From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction explains that fluctuations in ion distributions and membrane-headgroup ionization create transient intrinsic membrane-potential gradients. It says these gradients can lower the energy barrier for pore formation, but does not establish that they necessarily result in transient electropores. In Results and Discussion, the paper distinguishes the water needles studied here from larger pore-like defects. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis topologically and energetically distinct pathway for membrane fusion is of particular interest because transmembrane potentials, of similar magnitude to those (ca. 0.1 V/nm) leading to electropores in lipid bilayers, may occur naturally across lipid membranes of vesicles and cells.
“This topologically and energetically distinct pathway for membrane fusion is of particular interest because transmembrane potentials, of similar magnitude to those (ca.0.1V/nm) leading to electropores in lipid bilayers, may occur naturally across lipid membranes of vesicles and cells, as recently demonstrated 8,12 , as well as under external application 9,34 .”
From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
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Sorted by citations
Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway
Jin, D., Li, Z., Roke, S., & Klein, J. (2026) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706911
Self-citation
- Authors
- Lee, S., Poojari, C. S., Maznichenko, A., Roesel, D., Swiderska, I., Pohl, P., Hub, J. S., & Roke, S.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Saarland University (DE)
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Roke, Sylvie
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Chemical Society
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2024-07-11
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 19818-19827
- ISSN
- 0002-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5126
- PMC
- PMC11273352
- OpenAlex
- W4400521194
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American Chemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council (951324)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F??rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (200021-182606-1)
- Julia Jacobi Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (INST 256/539-1, SFB 1027/B7)
- HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (860592)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanopore and Nanochannel Transport Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies
- Keywords
- proton translocation, lipid membranes, membrane potential fluctuations, second harmonic generation microscopy, Grotthuss mechanism, proton permeation, membrane potential, free energy calculation, membrane conductivity
- MeSH terms
- Lipid Bilayers, Protons, Water, Molecular Dynamics Simulation
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