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Structure of Hydrous Ruthenium Oxides: Implications for Charge Storage
Abstract
Hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 · x H 2 O or RuO x H y ) is a mixed electron−proton conductor with a specific capacitance as high as 720 F/g/proton, making it a candidate material for energy storage. The correlation between the structure and properties of RuO 2 · x H 2 O materials is not well understood due to their amorphous nature and compositional variability. In this study, ruthenium oxides with the compositions RuO 2 ·2.32H 2 O, RuO 2 ·0.29H 2 O, and anhydrous RuO 2 are characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS) analyses. XANES cannot be used to distinguish between Ru(III) and Ru(IV) in the hydrous oxides, but the EXAFS analyses show large differences in the short-range structures of the materials. Whereas anhydrous RuO 2 has the rutile structure comprising chains of RuO 6 octahedra linked in three dimensions, the structure of RuO 2 ·0.29H 2 O is rutile-like at the RuO 6 core, but less connected and progressively disordered beyond the RuO 6 core. The structure of RuO 2 ·2.32H 2 O is composed of chains of disordered RuO 6 octahedra that exhibit no chain-to-chain linking or three-dimensional order. Although the local structures of RuO 2 ·0.29H 2 O and RuO 2 ·2.32H 2 O markedly differ, their specific capacitances are large and essentially equivalent, so nonunique local structures can balance effective electron transport (along dioxo bridges) with the effective proton transport (through structural water) necessary for charge storage.
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Metadata
- Authors
- McKeown, D. A., Hagans, P. L., Carette, L. P. L., Russell, A. E., Swider, K. E., & Rolison, D. R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 1999-05-22
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 4825-4832
- ISSN
- 1520-5207 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6106
- OpenAlex
- W2023394388
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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