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Permeability and Conjugative Metabolism of Flaxseed Lignans by Caco-2 Human Intestinal Cells
Abstract
Reports in the literature associate the dietary intake of flaxseed lignans with a number of health benefits. The major lignan found in flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1), undergoes metabolism principally to secoisolariciresinol (2), enterodiol (3), and enterolactone (4) in the human gastrointestinal tract. Systemically, lignans are present largely as phase II enzyme conjugates. To improve understanding of the oral absorption characteristics, a systematic evaluation of the intestinal permeation was conducted and the conjugative metabolism potential of these lignans using the polarized Caco-2 cell system was analyzed. For permeation studies, lignans (100 μM) were added to acceptor or donor compartments and samples were taken at 2 h. For metabolism studies, lignans (100 μM) were incubated in Caco-2 for a maximum of 48 h. Cell lysates and media were treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase, and lignan concentrations were determined using HPLC. Apical-to-basal permeability coefficients for 2-4 were 8.0 ± 0.4, 7.7 ± 0.2, and 13.7 ± 0.2 (×10(-6)) cm/s, respectively, whereas efflux ratios were 0.8-1.2, consistent with passive diffusion. The permeation of compound 1 was not detected. The extent of conjugation after 48 h was <3%, ∼95%, ∼90%, and >99% for 1-4, respectively. These data suggest 2-4, but not 1 undergo passive permeation and conjugative metabolism by Caco-2 cells.
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“The common and prototypical dietary lignan, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), is known to be deglycosylated by bacteria and converted to the PMMs enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) (Figure 1) [32].”
From Polyphenol Microbial Metabolites Exhibit Gut and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Protect Murine Microglia against LPS-Induced Inflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
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Cited by
Johnson, S. L., Kirk, R. D., DaSilva, N. A., Ma, H., Seeram, N. P., & Bertin, M. J. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9040078 · Cited by 101
Metadata
- Authors
- Mukker, J. K., Michel, D., Muir, A. D., Krol, E. S., & Alcorn, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Saskatchewan (CA)
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alcorn, Jane
- Venue
- Journal of Natural Products
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-01-13
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-34
- ISSN
- 0163-3864 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6025
- OpenAlex
- W2332306248
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Natural Products (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant-derived Lignans Synthesis and Bioactivity
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Lignin and Wood Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- flaxseed lignans, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol, enterolactone, intestinal permeability, passive diffusion, efflux ratio, phase II conjugation, glucuronidation, sulfation, Caco-2 cells, dietary lignans, gastrointestinal metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Butylene Glycols, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Glucosides, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Permeability, 4-Butyrolactone, Molecular Structure, Lignans, Caco-2 Cells, Flax
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