The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The exploitation of children, through their labor, is ethically unambiguous: it is wrong (Hindman & Smith, 1999).”
From The Child Labor in Social Media: Kidfluencers, Ethics of Care, and Exploitation (2025) · cites this paper as Hindman & Smith, 1999
In the citing paper
“To this end, the absolutist view of all child labor (Hindman & Smith, 1999) as de facto exploitative hinders practical consideration.”
From The Child Labor in Social Media: Kidfluencers, Ethics of Care, and Exploitation (2025) · cites this paper as Hindman & Smith, 1999
Citations
Cites
Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution
Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_25 · Cited by 4,089
The work of nations: Preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism
(1992) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/0024-6301(92)90025-w · Cited by 1,788
Edelman, M. J. (1961) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1976065 · Cited by 684
The ethics of international business
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-5198 · Cited by 630
Ure, A. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203041338 · Cited by 267
Child labor and the Industrial Revolution
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-3394 · Cited by 134
Factory Regulaton: A Reinterpretation of Early English Experience
Marvel, H. P. (1977) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/466906 · Cited by 122
Krueger, T. A., & Trattner, W. I. (1971) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1849382 · Cited by 86
The Family Economy, Child Labor, and Schooling: Evidence from the Early Twentieth-Century South
Walters, P. B., & Briggs, C. M. (1993) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095964 · Cited by 41
In the twilight zone: child workers in the hotel, tourism and catering industry.
Black, M. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 29
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Bator, F. M.: 1957, ‘The Simple Analytic of Welfare Maximization’ American Economic Review 47, 22–59.
- Hamilton, Alexander: 1791, ‘Report on Manufactures’ in Samuel McKee (ed.), Papers on Public Credit, Commerce and Finance (The Liberal Arts Press, NY), 1957, pp. 175–276.
- Kerr, Clark, John T. Dunlop, Frederick H. Harbison and Charles A. Myers: 1960, Industrialism and Industrial Man (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA).
- Kindleberger, C. P. and B. Herrick: 1977, Economic Development, 3rd Edition (McGraw-Hill, New York).
- Parnes, Herbert S.: 1984, People Power: Elements of Human Resource Policy (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills CA).
- Smith, Adam: 1776, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993).
- UNICEF: 1997, State of the World's Children: 1997 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK).
- U.S. Department of Labor: 1995, By the Sweat & Toil of Children (Vol. II): The Use of Child Labor in U.S. Agricultural Imports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor (Washington, Bureau of International Labor Affairs).
- U.S. Department of Labor: 1996, The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? (Washington, Bureau of International Labor Affairs).
Cited by
CSR and the Debate on Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Great Divide
Wettstein, F. (2012) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq201222446 · Cited by 289
Supplier development for sustainability: contextual barriers in global supply chains
Busse, C., Schleper, M. C., Niu, M., & Wagner, S. M. (2016) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-12-2015-0300 · Cited by 258
Loureiro, S. M. C., Sardinha, I. D., & Reijnders, L. (2012) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.003 · Cited by 181
Child Labor and Multinational Conduct: A Comparison of International Business andStakeholder Codes
Kolk, A., & van Tulder, R. J. M. (2002) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1014009313508 · Cited by 135
Schrempf‐Stirling, J., & Palazzo, G. (2013) · Business & Society · doi:10.1177/0007650313500233 · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- Hindman, H. D., & Smith, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Appalachian State University (US)
- Niagara University (US)
- ORCID
- Smith, Charles G.
- Venue
- Journal of Business Ethics
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-33
- ISSN
- 0167-4544 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0697
- OpenAlex
- W1490990732
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Business Ethics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Labor and Employment Law
- Social Sciences › Development › Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Keywords
- child labor, cross-cultural ethics, universalism, cultural relativism, human rights, industrialization, human capital theory, Adam Smith, industrial capitalism, developmental patterns, newly industrializing countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1023/a:1006193721017
- The paper
- Hindman, H. D., & Smith, C. G. (1999). Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1023/a%3A1006193721017
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
