CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 80Bone health and osteoporosis researchMenopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsSmoking Behavior and Cessation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cigarette smoking, sex hormones and bone density in women

Law, M.R., Cheng, R., Hackshaw, A.K., Allaway, S., Hale, A.K.·1997·European Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1023/a:1007389712487
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

It is known that among women over the age of 65, bone mineral density is lower, and the risk of hip fracture higher, in smokers than non-smokers. We report a study in 1334 health pre- and post-menopausal women aged 35-64 years, to determine whether this effect can be attributed to lower oestrogen levels in smokers. Among 676 premenopausal women forearm bone density was no lower in smokers (95% confidence interval 1% lower, 4% higher). Among 543 postmenopausal women who had not used hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for more than a year there was no statistically significant difference, but the lower confidence interval was consistent with a lower bone density in older smokers (by 8% at age 55-59, 16% at age 60-64). Measurements in 194 postmenopausal women not taking HRT showed that oestrone and oestradiol were similar in smokers and non-smokers, as were cortisol and FSH, LH and prolactin. Meta-analysis of the present study and previous studies confirmed significantly higher levels in smokers of the androgens DHEAS (by 37%) and androstenedione (by 34%). Oestrogens were no lower in smokers, and the lower confidence limit excluded more than a trivial effect of smoking in lowering oestrogen. These results indicate that the recognised lower bone density in elderly smokers cannot be explained by an effect of smoking on oestrogen, since in premenopausal women bone density is no lower in smokers and in postmenopausal women oestrogens are no lower in smokers. The data suggest a balance between higher androgen levels but lower rates of conversion of androgens to oestrogens in smokers. The effect of smoking on bone may be due to impaired response of bone and other target organs to oestrogen, or to actions independent of oestrogen.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1007389712487

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Law, M. R., Cheng, R., Hackshaw, A. K., Allaway, S., & Hale, A. K.
Affiliations
St Bartholomew's Hospital (GB)
ORCID
Hackshaw, A.K.
Venue
European Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1997-07
Volume
13
Issue
5
Pages
553-558
ISSN
  • 0393-2990 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-7284
DOI
10.1023/a:1007389712487
OpenAlex
W1499693260
Cited by
80
References
33
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI
3.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords
cigarette smoking, bone mineral density, sex hormones, estrogen, androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, postmenopausal women, premenopausal women, estradiol, estrone, cortisol, hormone replacement therapy, hip fracture risk, forearm bone mineral density
MeSH terms
Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Androgens, Androstenedione, Estradiol, Estrogens, Estrone, Female, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Luteinizing Hormone, Middle Aged, Smoking, Bone Density, Premenopause, Postmenopause, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review